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71.
博斯腾湖向塔里木河输水风险分析方法 总被引:5,自引:7,他引:5
为了拯救塔里木河下游生态环境,塔里木河流域管理局根据博斯腾湖从1999年到2003年处于丰水期,湖泊处于高水位的有利时机,从2000年5月到2003年6月实施5次向塔里木河下游生态应急输水,结束塔里木河下游300多km河道近30年的断流历史。现在的问题是“博斯腾湖向塔里木河生态输水能否持续?”,“保证可持续输水的风险有多大?”本文以解决此问题为实例,介绍一般水库调节计算和水库特征水位确定方法;主要探讨水库(湖泊)向下游输水可持续性风险分析问题,提出的方法称为“水库输水可持续性风险计算时历试算法”,简称为“试算法”(T&E方法);并将此方法应用于实例中,计算博斯腾湖向塔里木河下游输水的可持续风险。 相似文献
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73.
Vertical dynamic and thermodynamic characteristics of urban lower boundary layer and its relationship with aerosol concentration over Beijing 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
By utilizing observational data from a 325 m tower of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) on March 19-29, 2001 and August 11-25, 2003, a comprehensive study was conducted on the vertical dynamical and thermodynamic characteristics of the urban lower boundary layer (ULBL) and its relationship with aerosol concentration over Beijing. Firstly, a comparative analysis was made on the gradient data (wind, temperature and humidity), ultrasonic data (atmospheric turbulences) and air-quality observations at different tower heights (47, 120 and 280 m). Secondly, a diagnosis was made to reveal the major features of normalized variances of velocity and temperature, turbulence kinetic energy as well as their relationship with aerosol concentrations. Furthermore, the characteristics of the ULBL vertical structure and the TSP concentration/distribution variations during a sand/dust weather process were also analyzed. The outcome of the study showed that under unstable stratification, the normalized variances of velocity (σu/u*, σv/u*, σw/u*) and temperature (σT/T*) at 47 and 120 m heights fit the Monin-Obukhov similarity (MOS) framework and the fitting formulas were given out accordingly. According to the stratification parameter (z′/L), the stable ULBL could be divided into 2 zones. With z′/L<0.1, it was a weakly stable zone and MOS framework was applicable. The other was a highly stable zone with z′/L>0.1 and the normalized velocity variances tended to increase along with higher stability, but it remained constant for normalized temperature variances. At daytime, the near-surface layer includes two heights of 47 and 120 m, while 280 m has been above it. The ULBL analysis in conjunction with a sand/dust weather process in Beijing in March 2001 indicated that the maximum concentration of Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) at 320 m reached 913.3 μg/m3 and the particles were transported from the upper to lower ULBL, which was apparently related to the development process of a low-level jet and its concomitant strong sinking motion. 相似文献
74.
Based on the land surface temperature (LST), the land cover classification map,vegetation coverage, and surface evapotranspiration derived from EOS-MODIS satellite data, and by the use of GIS spatial analytic technique and multivariate statistical analysis method, the urban heat island (UHI) spatial distribution of the diurnal and seasonal variabilities and its driving forces are studied in Beijing city and surrounding areas in 2001. The relationships among UHI distribution and landcover categories, topographic factor, vegetation greenness, and surface evapotranspiration are analyzed. The results indicate that: (i) The significant UHI occur in Beijing city areas in the four seasons due to high heat capacity and multi-reflection of compression building, as well as with special topographic features of its three sides surrounded by mountains,especially in the summer. The UHI spatial distribution is corresponding with the urban geometry structure profile. The LST difference is approximately 4-6℃ between Beijing city and suburb areas, comparatively is 8- 10℃ between Beijing city area and outer suburb area in northwestern regions. (ii) The UHI distribution and intensity in daytime are different from nighttime in Beijing city area, the nighttime UHI is obvious. However, in the daytime, the significant UHI mainly appears in the summer, the autumn takes second place, and the UHI in the winter and the spring seem not obvious. The surface evapotranspiration in suburb areas is larger than that in urban areas in the summer, and high latent heat exchange is evident, which leads to LST difference between city area and suburb area. (iii) The reflection of surface landcover categories is sensitive to the UHI, the correlation between vegetation greenness and UHI shows obviously negative.The scatterplot shows that there is the negative correlation between NDVI and LST (R2 = 0.6481).The results demonstrate that the vegetation greenness is an important factor for reducing the UHI,and large-scale construction of greenbelts can considerably reduce the UHI effect. 相似文献
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76.
教学改革是课程改革的主阵地,教材改革是突破口.教师在教材处理时,必须冲破教材的束缚,根据学生情况和教学实际,创造性地使用教材. 相似文献
77.
地震灾害预测和应急模拟系统的设计与应用——以永安市城市应急系统为例 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
城市防震减灾是地震潜在频发区提高自然灾害防治能力建设的重要方面。本文结合福建省永安市城市防震减灾信息管理系统的建设,探讨设计防震减灾数值模型,分析模型集成的关键技术,构建了地震风险评估、建筑物易损性评价、生命与财产损失估算、救援与救灾管理调度等模型和基于GIS开发的震害预测和应急模拟系统。该系统在福建省永安市的实际应用表明,通过对地震灾害预测结果的分析,可加强城市抗震中的薄弱环节,为灾区政府应急响应和制订对策提供决策支持辅助信息,从而显著提高城市防震减灾的综合能力。 相似文献
78.
为了研究地质体中分子标志物随热成熟度的演化规律,开展了烃源岩热模拟实验,并对产物进行了分子标志物定量及分子解析。结果表明,随着模拟温度的增高,三环萜烷和藿烷含量均逐渐降低,但降低幅度有差异,藿烷和高相对分子质量的三环萜烷降低幅度大于低相对分子质量的三环萜烷,导致在热模拟温度升至370℃的情况下,低相对分子质量三环萜烷的峰高高于藿烷;高相对分子质量甾烷含量降低幅度大于低相对分子质量甾烷,相同相对分子质量不同构型化合物甾烷热解速率不一致,同碳数ααα甾烷热解速率大于αββ甾烷,低相对分子质量的甾烷定量结果随热模拟温度升高先降低后升高再降低;低碳数的芳烃含量随热模拟温度升高先降低后升高,高碳数芳烃含量则一直处于降低状态。分子解析认为,C19和C20三环萜烷主要来自于高碳数三环萜烷的裂解,藿烷的贡献极低;17α(H)C27三降藿烷(Tm)来自高碳数藿烷的贡献,18α(H)C27三降藿烷(Ts)没有其他化合物加入;相同质量前提下,C29甾烷裂解速率为:C29ααS&... 相似文献
79.
本文利用Coherent GeoLasHD型193 nm ArF准分子激光剥蚀系统和Agilent 7900型四极杆电感耦合等离子体质谱仪, 建立了LA-ICP-MS石榴子石U-Pb定年方法。利用该方法, 对采自冀北地区晚古生代镁铁质-超镁铁质混杂岩体中的异剥钙榴岩和闽西南马坑式铁矿含矿石榴子石矽卡岩这两种岩石中的石榴子石开展U-Pb定年研究。在冀北地区晚古生代镁铁质-超镁铁质混杂岩体中的异剥钙榴岩中, 获得石榴子石下交点年龄为(387.6±5.4) Ma (D496-1, MSWD=1.1, N=30)和(409.3±7.8) Ma (D493-1, MSWD=2.0, N=60), 在马坑铁矿石榴子石矽卡岩中, 获得石榴子石下交点年龄为(128.6±2.1) Ma (ZK7921-b24, MSWD=2.0, N=60)和(128.7±3.2) Ma (ZK7922-b1, 用锆石91500校正, MSWD=1.8, N=42); 在潘田铁矿的石榴子石矽卡岩中, 获得石榴子石的下交点年龄为(128.7±1.7) Ma (PT-b1, MSWD=1.7, N=30)和(132.1±1.3) Ma (PT-b1样品, 用锆石91500校正, MSWD=1.6, N=30)(除了指明使用锆石标样91500校正石榴子石未知样品外, 其他皆用石榴子石标样Willsboro校正石榴子石未知样品的U/Pb分馏)。以上结果与Sm-Nd等时线年龄及前人报道的锆石U-Pb年龄在误差范围内一致。对马坑式铁矿石榴子石矽卡岩U-Pb定年结果表明, 利用石榴子石标样Willsboro和锆石标样91500作为外标样校正同一样品中石榴子石U/Pb同位素分馏, 获得的下交点年龄一致, 206Pb/238U年龄的加权平均值也一致, 说明石榴子石与锆石之间的基体效应较小, 在缺乏石榴子石标样时, 可用锆石标样91500代替。在上述研究基础上分析了石榴子石U-Pb定年方法在矽卡岩型矿床成矿时代研究及异剥钙榴岩年代学研究中的应用潜力, 认为石榴子石U-Pb定年方法在矽卡岩型矿床及异剥钙榴岩年代学研究中具有巨大的应用推广前景, 具有重要的理论指导和实际应用意义。 相似文献
80.