一次人工增雨作业云回波个例分析

根据雷达连续观测所获取的降水回波资料,对2000年7月29日人工增雨作业前后的天气背景、雷达回波演变等特征进行分析,得到了一些有益的结论。     

新疆不同降水观测资料的比较及其差异的可能原因

利用新疆地区89个气象站和38个水文站1961~2005年的降水资料,对比分析了这两类降水观测资料在表征新疆地区降水的时间演变特征上所存在的差异,进而探究了造成这种差异的原因,并在此基础上研究了增暖背景下新疆地区降水与地形(包括海拔高度、坡度和坡向)的关系。研究发现:1)从区域平均来看,水文站观测的年降水量(221.4 mm)明显高于气象站的观测值(152.1 mm),其差值为69.3 mm,但是二者具有相同的时空变化特征;2)气象站与水文站降水均值之间的差异,主要受海拔高度的影响,坡度和坡向的影响次之。新疆地区地形地貌复杂,降水时空变化较大,观测数据分布不均匀均可导致对降水的估算存在较大差异,因此多源降水数据相互融合是客观估算该地区降水量及其变化的一个途径。     

SRES A2 情景下中国区域性高温热浪事件变化特征

随全球变暖,应对高温热浪事件是未来现代化城市面临的难题之一。本文利用全球模式-HadAM3p提供的3组不同边界场和初始场驱动区域气候模式系统PRECIS的输出结果,模拟未来情景下中国区域性高温热浪事件发生频率、强度及持续时间的变化趋势。结果表明：全球PRECIS对基准时段（1961-1990年）的高温热浪事件的发生的频率、强度和持续时间及对应的大气环流特征具有较强的模拟能力。相对于基准时段,未来情景下未来时段（2071-2100年）中国各地区的高温热浪的强度增加,发生频率增幅超过了100 %,且持续时间增加30 %以上。此外,观测资料和模拟结果均表明武汉和哈尔滨地区的高温热浪与500 hPa高度场的正距平密切相关。而未来情景下,武汉和哈尔滨地区500 hPa高度场的正距平呈增加趋势,表明这些地区未来可能面临危害更严重的高温热浪事件。     

Orographic effects on a conditionally unstable flow over an idealized three-dimensional mesoscale mountain

Summary Idealized numerical simulations using the Weather and Research Forecast (WRF) model indicate that three flow regimes, based on the moist Froude number, can be identified for a conditionally unstable, rotational, horizontally homogeneous, uniformly stratified flow over an idealized, three-dimensional, mesoscale mountain stretched spanwise to the impinging flow: (I) a quasi-stationary upslope convective system and an upstream-propagating convective system, (II) a quasi-stationary upslope convective system, and (III) a stationary upslope convective system and a quasi-stationary downstream convective system. Several major differences from a similar type of flow with no rotation over a two-dimensional mountain range are found. One important finding is that relatively strong mean flow produces a quasi-stationary mesoscale convective system (MCS) and maximum rainfall on the windward slope (upslope rain), instead of on the mountain peak or over the lee side.We found that the Coriolis force helps produce heavy upslope rainfall by making transition from flow-around the eastern part of the upslope to flow-over the western part of the upslope (transits to a higher flow regime) by deflecting the incident southerly flow to become east–southeasterly barrier winds. We found that the addition of the western flank of the arc-shaped mountain helps slow down the barrier wind from east and causes the maximum rainfall to move east of the windward slope. A lower-Froude number flow tends to produce a rainfall maximum near the concave region.Several other important facts can also be found in this study. The ratio of the maximum grid scale rainfall to the sub-grid scale rainfall increases when the moist Froude number increases. When the CAPE decreases, it is found that the upstream moist flow tends to shift to a higher Froude-number regime. Therefore, the Froude number cannot solely be used to define a moist flow regime when different CAPEs are considered. In another word, other parameters, such as CAPE, might play an important role in determining moist flow regimes.     

华家岭2008年电线积冰的变化特征与气象条件分析

利用华家岭气象站不同高度、不同方向、不同导线直径的电线积冰观测资料,分析了电线积冰在不同高度、不同方向、不同导线的变化特征,以及与气温、水汽压、风速等气象要素的关系。分析表明,电线积冰量随高度增加而增加,随电线直径增大而增大;在相同高度、相同导线上,不同方向的积冰量与风向有关。电线积冰量与水汽压、风速分别呈正相关和反相关。在一定阈值内,电线积冰量和气温存在较好的相关性。     

地窝堡机场东南大风特征及其大气结构

按照民航系统气象行业标准要求,结合乌鲁木齐国际机场的具体情况,给出乌鲁木齐机场东南大风的定义,并应用乌鲁木齐机场1978~2012年间逐时观测的风速风向对机场东南大风的特征进行分析,然后再引入水跃理论和Froude数,对机场东南大风发生时的大气结构做解析。结果表明:(1)1980年代与2000年代至今,为东南大风的兴盛期,1990年代为东南大风的低值期;(2)东南大风主要集中出现在春秋季,其中尤以4月出现次数最多,占总出现次数的36.4%;(3)早晨至中午期间,东南大风多发且风速较大;午后至夜间,东南大风发生次数少,且风速也相对较小;(4)东南大风的持续时间以低于5 h为主,其次为持续11 h以上的大风,而持续时间在5~11 h之间的大风出现最少;(5)对于4月和11月而言,大风发生时达坂城与本场的气压差与同时次本场的温度垂直递减率存在显著的线性关系。     

海水养殖水温对冷空气的响应及水温预报

开展冷空气对海水养殖水温的影响及水温预测预报,可为水产养殖灾害监测预警提供科学依据。该文以东沙海水养殖场为试验基地,对2010～2011年整个冬季冷空气活动期间水温气温变化进行了对比分析,并对不同强度、伴随不同天气现象的冷空气影响下水温的变化情况进行讨论。结果表明:该冬季共有9次冷空气影响,水温变化趋势与气温相似,但变幅小于气温,而且有明显的滞后性;冷空气对水温有显著的影响,影响程度与冷空气强度、伴随的天气现象及水的深度有关,冷空气越强,水温下降幅度就越大;不同天气条件对水温的影响不一样,晴天时水温下降较小,阴天水温降幅增大,寒潮影响时水温大幅度下降,冷空气影响结束后1～2 d,水温降到最低值;采用逐步回归分析方法,建立了冬季养殖塘水下0.5 m和1 m的水温预报模式,经独立样本检验,准确率高,可以应用于业务服务。     

加密探空资料在华东区域业务模式中的应用试验

采用中国气象局2014年6月1日—30日14时加密探空资料,利用华东区域中尺度数值预报业务系统比较同化加密探空观测资料前后模式预报结果的差异。研究表明,同化加密探空资料后,对模式初始时刻不同高度的位势高度、比湿、温度、风速等变量均有一定的影响;对位势高度、温度和风场的影响在高层100—150 h Pa比较显著,而对比湿的影响主要体现在低层700—750 h Pa。同化加密探空资料后模式初始场更接近实况。批量数值试验的统计检验表明,同化加密探空观测资料后对强降水及形势场预报均有不同程度改进,24 h暴雨和大暴雨量级降水的预报技巧分别提高了2.5%和8.1%。     

The impact of high altitude aircraft on the ozone layer in the stratosphere

The paper discusses the potential effects on the ozone layer of gases released by the engines of proposed high altitude supersonic aircraft. The major problem arises from the emissions of nitrogen oxides which have the potential to destroy significant quantities of ozone in the stratosphere. The magnitude of the perturbation is highly dependent on the cruise altitude of the aircraft. Furthermore, the depletion of ozone is substantially reduced when heterogeneous conversion of nitrogen oxides into nitric acid on sulfate aerosol particles is taken into account in the calculation. The sensitivity of the aerosol load on stratospheric ozone is investigated. First, the model indicates that the aerosol load induced by the SO₂ released by aircraft is increased by about 10–20% above the background aerosols at mid-high latitude of the Northern Hemisphere at 15 km for the NASA emission scenario A (the NASA emission scenarios are explained in Tables I to III). This increase in aerosol has small effects on stratospheric ozone. Second, when the aerosol load is increased following a volcanic eruption similar to the eruption of El Chichon (Mexico, April 1982), the ozone column in spring increases by as much as 9% in response to the injection of NO _x from the aircraft with the NASA emission scenario A. Finally, the modeled suggests that significant ozone depletion could result from the formation of additional polar stratospheric clouds produced by the injection of H₂O and HNO₃ by the aircraft engines.     

贵州山区一次锋面雾的数值模拟及形成条件诊断分析

利用中尺度模式系统WRF对2008-02-20—21贵州山区出现的一次锋面大雾进行了数值模拟研究,模拟大雾出现的区域与实况比较一致。利用数值模拟的高分辨率产品对锋面雾的形成条件进行了分析,结果表明:WRF模式对此次大雾的发生区域以及生成过程具有较好的数值模拟能力;贵州处在南支槽前西南气流控制下,中低层偏南气流强盛,为大雾的发生提供了有利的背景;静止锋的稳定维持和贴地逆温层的存在是雾发生的关键因素。