长白山天池火山区电性结构和岩浆系统

在长白山火山区及其附近 ,沿 5条伞状测线和 1条北西向测线进行了 6 1个大地电磁测深点的观测。用Robust等方法对观测资料进行了处理 ;应用阻抗张量分解方法消除了局部不均匀体的影响 ;计算了反映地下横向不均匀性的地磁感应矢量。利用RRI二维自动反演等技术对资料进行了解释。结果表明 :在近地表存在低阻体 ,并分别与长白山天池水体、聚龙泉温泉、锦江温泉及长白山山门附近的地下水相对应。在长白山天池及其以北和以东地区 ,约 12km深处存在电阻率很低的地质体 ,电阻率为 10到几十Ω·m ,可能是地壳岩浆囊。在测区范围内 ,地壳电性结构在南北方向存在着明显的横向变化 ,而东西方向相对均匀 ,变化比较平缓     

The relationship between the growth process of the ferromanganese crusts in the pacific seamount and Cenozoic ocean evolvement

Base on the Os isotope stratigraphy together with the empirical growth rate models using Co concentrations, the growth ages of the ferromanganese crusts MHD79 and MP3D10 distributed in the seamount of Pacific are confirmed. Through the contrast and research on the previous achievements including ODP Leg 144 and the crusts CD29-2, N5E-06 and N1–15 of the seamount of the Central Pacific, the uniform five growth and growth hiatus periods of them are found, and closely related to the Cenozoic ocean evolvement process. In the Paleocene Carbon Isotope Maximum (PCIM), the rise of the global ocean productivity promoted the growth of the seamount crust; the first growth hiatus (I) of the ferromanganese crust finished. In the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), though the vertical exchange of seawater was weakened, the strong terrestrial chemical weathering led to the input of a great amount of the terrigenous nutrients, which made the bioproductivity rise, so there were no crust hiatuses. During 52–50 Ma, the Early Eocene Optimum Climate (EECO), the two poles were warm, the latitudinal temperature gradient was small, the wind-driven sea circulation and upwelling activity were weak, the terrestrial weathering was also weakened, the open ocean bioproductivity decreased, and the ferromanganese crust had growth hiatus again (II). From early Middle Eocene-Late Eocene, Oligocene, it was a long-term gradually cooling process, the strengthening of the sea circulation and upwelling led to a rise of bioproductivity, and increase of the content of the hydrogenous element Fe, Mn and Co and the biogenous element Cu, Zn, so that was the most favorable stage for the growth of ferromanganese crust (growth periods III and IV) in the studied area. The hiatus III corresponded with the Eocene- Oligocene boundary, is inferred to relate with the global climate transformation, celestial body impact event in the Eocene-Oligocene transition. From the early to the middle Miocene, a large-scale growth hiatus (hiatus period IV) of the ferromanganese crust in the studied area is inferred to relate with temporary warm up climate and ephemeral withdrawal of Antarctic bottom water in the early Miocene. After that, the Antarctic ice sheets extended, the bottom water circumfluence strengthened, the ocean fertility increased, and the once interrupted crust continued to grow in the late Miocene (growth period V). Supported by China Ocean Mineral Resources Research and Development Association “10th Five Year” Topic (Grant No. DY105-01-04-14)     

Microtremor-based analysis of the dynamic response characteristics of earth-fissured sites in the Datong basin,China

This study conducted microtremor testing along six survey lines that cross three typical earth fissures in the Datong basin to determine the dynamic response characteristics of earth fissure sites with regard to the Fourier amplitude spectrum, response spectrum, and Arias intensity. The results show the following.(1) The predominant frequency of an earth fissure site is mainly affected by the thickness and the shear wave velocity of the soil layer and is minimally effected by the presence of an earth fissure.(2) Earth fissures have a pronounced amplification effect on dynamic response. Fourier amplitude, response acceleration, and Arias intensity are high near an earth fissure and decrease with an increase in distance from the earth fissure, tending toward stability at a distance of 20 m.(3) The area that is seriously affected by this amplification is within 6–8 m of an earth fissure, and the general affected area is farther out than this, to a distance of 25 m.(4) New construction should be avoided in an area affected by the amplification, and existing buildings in general and seriously affected areas need to be reinforced to increase their seismic fortification intensity.     

隧道开挖对桩基工程影响的数值分析

隧道开挖对邻近桩基工程影响的问题引起了国内外诸多学者关注。在概述目前研究成果的基础上,探讨了采用有限差分数值模拟技术模拟建筑物桩基的方法以及参数取值问题,并就北京某地铁隧道近距离穿越某桩基工程进行了模拟,分析了隧道开挖施工而引起周围土体及桩基的变形特点。其结果可为地铁建设中预测地铁开挖对于周围环境的影响提供参考。     

供水管网GIS系统下水力计算设计与实现

随着城市化进程的不断加快,供水管网和城市地形都在发生频繁的变化,管网简化模型必须随时更新,保持与现实管网的对应,才能使得水力计算的结果保持准确。将水力计算嵌入给水管网信息系统,可以使水力计算中的大部分输入数据直接从GIS数据库中提取,并借助GIS的数据更新手段保持管网计算模型的现势性,还可以利用GIS的表现能力显示输出...     

寻路地图设计中相关问题研究

以郑州市街头的寻路地图为例,对其设计现状进行了分析,指出了这些地图的特点和其在设计上存在的不足之处.根据寻路地图的目的和用户的特殊性,制作了寻路地图样图,并就其在定向和路线选择等方面进行了试验,对实验结果进行了分析和研究.结果表明地图内容、参考方向和地图符号是影响用户定向和路线选择的主要因素.以此为基础,得出了寻路地图设计中应当遵循的一些规律.     

吉尔吉斯天山造山带晚白垩世- 古新世小规模大陆溢流玄武岩的成因及深部地球动力学过程

以短时间内巨量喷发为特征的大火成岩省一般被解释为是地幔柱作用的产物,但是关于小规模大陆溢流玄武岩的源区和形成机制上仍然存在较大的争论。本文选择吉尔吉斯北天山造山带中小规模大陆溢流玄武岩为研究对象,通过~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar同位素定年精确厘定这些玄武岩的形成时代,并利用全岩地球化学以及单矿物成分分析揭示其岩石成因和深部地球动力学过程。吉尔吉斯北天山中Uchkuduk小规模大陆溢流玄武岩的喷发年龄为81.5～84.0 Ma,明显早于吉尔吉斯天山造山带中其它地区玄武岩(58～76 Ma)。其主要斑晶矿物为橄榄石(Fo_(72.5～91.4))、铬尖晶石(Cr#=13.2～50.1,58.0%～76.2%FeO_T和12.5%～20.4%TiO_2)和单斜辉石(Wo_(47.3-51.3)En_(35.5-43.2)Fs_(9.37-14.2))。Uchkuduk玄武岩微量元素特征与OIB极其相似,富集大离子亲石元素和高场强元素,显示Pb、Sr、Nb-Ta的正异常以及K的负异常,并且具有正的ε_(Nd)(t)值(+5.28～+5.42)、适度高的(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)i(0.7038～0.7047)和(~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb)i(18.231～18.339),暗示其来源于一个富集的软流圈地幔源区。橄榄石斑晶中高的NiO含量和Fe/Mn比值、低的CaO含量,与典型的来源于辉石岩熔体所结晶的橄榄石特征一致。此外,计算的原始岩浆成分落在L+Ol+Cpx+Grt共结线附近,同时具有高的FeO_T(11.2%～11.7%),TiO_2(2.01%～2.12%)含量,表明Uchkuduk玄武岩来源于石榴石辉石岩为主的地幔源区。该石榴石辉石岩源区可能与早期的地幔交代事件有关,通过俯冲再循环洋壳物质与周围橄榄岩的固相相互作用形成。Uchkuduk玄武岩原始岩浆形成所对应地幔潜能温度1574～1598℃,与地幔柱边部的热异常相当。因此,我们提出吉尔吉斯天山造山带及其邻区的晚白垩世-古新世小规模大陆溢流玄武岩可能是地幔柱活动的产物,地幔柱在上升过程中发生低程度(10%)的部分熔融产生—系列的碱性玄武质岩浆。     

歧口凹陷歧北斜坡白云岩演化规律研究

在古近系沙河街组沙一段沉积期,为歧口凹陷最大湖扩期,在西南部整体古地理为宽缓的湖湾环境,气候潮湿温暖,物源供给较弱,在这种条件下,该地区发育大面积的碳酸盐岩沉积,以白云岩夹油页岩互层分布为特征。利用歧北斜坡两口重点井的岩心资料,对该区内的白云岩演化特征进行分析。研究表明,湖平面的升降决定了古地理环境,直接影响了白云岩发育的类型。歧北高斜坡区,水体较中斜坡浅,自下而上发育生屑灰岩、微晶云岩、灰质云岩、云质灰岩,表明古地理环境由粒屑滩—局限洼地—湖湾的演化过程;而在歧北中斜坡区,位于港西凸起周缘,早期主要为浅滩环境,发育灰质云岩和云质灰岩,向上过渡为微晶云岩、泥质云岩、泥岩,湖平面的多次升降,决定了该区古地理环境由浅滩—局限洼地—湖湾—半深湖的演化过程。通过地质钻探,该区在部分区域的白云岩已发现油层,证明该区白云岩储集层具有良好油气潜力,白云岩储集层已成为歧口凹陷古近系非常规油气增储的重要领域之一。     

泉水流量、电导率、pH值动态变化研究

岩溶水是指赋存于岩溶孔隙中的地下水,是我国南方生产生活主要用水来源.随着社会对水资源需求的逐步扩大,岩溶水资源的开发利用越发重要.通过定期监测岳麓山泉水流量、电导率、pH值,结合岳麓山岩土层性质和长沙市降雨量,采用统计分析和Spearman秩相关系数法对泉水流量变化和泉水水质定性评价进行研究.研究结果表明,大气降雨对岩溶水进行补给从而使泉水流量增大,泉水流量的改变除与降雨量有关外,还受土壤入渗率和降雨时长的影响.采用Spearman秩相关系数法可定量计算电导率与时间的相关性,间接判断周围环境对泉水水质影响的难易程度,有利于识别电导率代表性位置泉眼,更好地监测和评价岩溶水.土壤酸沉降污染严重或酸雨频繁地区易导致岩溶水pH值呈酸性.对泉水流量和水质的研究有利于科学开发利用岩溶水资源.     

基于逐减随机震源采样法的频率域二维黏滞声波方程全波形反演

全波形反演方法利用叠前地震波场的运动学和动力学信息重建地下速度结构,具有揭示复杂地质背景下构造与岩性细节信息的潜力。然而,巨大的计算量是阻碍其发展的一个瓶颈问题。为此,研究者们提出了震源编码技术来减少计算量,但是此方法在模型更新过程中会引进随机串扰噪声,降低反演结果准确性。所以,在保证计算精度的情况下,本文提出了采用逐减随机震源采样的方法来高效计算全波形反演问题。笔者将此方法应用于频率域二维黏滞声波波动方程全波形反演,开始了在频率域进行随机震源采样类方法的研究,计算过程中共使用了依次增大的8个频率段;并应用Overthrust模型来验证此类随机震源采样法的正确性。实验结果表明：基于逐减随机震源采样法的反演结果与实际Overthrust模型的拟合误差为0.065 65,而应用基于全部震源的全波形反演方法得到的反演结果与实际Overthrust模型的拟合误差为0.064 64,两者差别不大;但计算用时由740 min减少到291.2 min,即计算效率提高了2.54倍。为了更好地确定方法的有效性,将其应用于Marmousi模型进行试算。模型试算结果表明：基于逐减随机震源和基于全部震源得到的反演结果与实际Marmousi模型的拟合误差分别为0.080 12和0.078 97,相差不大;但计算用时由1 218.9 min减少到274.4 min,计算效率提高了4.44倍。综上,在保证反演精度的情况下,基于逐减随机震源采样法的频率域全波形反演方法大大减少了计算量,具有不可替代的计算优势,并且没有引进随机串扰噪声。