锡林郭勒盟春季沙尘暴时空分布特征及影响因子分析

以锡林郭勒地区沙尘暴高发季节15个气象站1961-2008年春季(3-5月)的气象资料为数据源,分析沙尘暴发生的时空分布规律及气象因子对锡盟春季沙尘暴发生的影响,结果表明:春季沙尘暴发生频次与大风、前期降水量等气象因子有关;另外,沙尘暴的发生与蒙古气旋这一特定的天气系统间存在一致的变化趋势。掌握沙尘暴分布规律及其与气象因素的关系,在预报和监测沙尘暴工作中具有重要的实际意义。     

一次江淮气旋大暴雨的诊断分析和数值模拟

利用ERA Interim Daily 的0.5°×0.5°资料对2011 年6 月9-10 日的一次江淮气旋大暴雨天气过程进行天气学分析.结果表明:江淮气旋和低空急流是本次大暴雨过程的主要影响系统;高空200 hPa 西风急流右侧的上升支和锋面的抬升作用提供了动力条件;低空西南急流提供了水汽条件,此次过程对流条件较好...     

黄淮海地区1961~2006年干湿状况时空变化

自20世纪60年代以来,黄淮海地区的气候出现了降水减少、气温升高的变化趋势,分析气象要素之间的关系及其变化规律,对于合理规划水资源,保障经济可持续发展具有积极的意义.利用干燥度指数对该地区的干湿状况进行了分析,将该地区划分为湿润、半湿润、半湿润半干旱、半干旱半湿润和半干旱5个干湿气候区,其中以半干旱区范围最大.不同干湿类型区域间有明显的纬向分布特征,地势起伏亦对于湿区域的空间分布产生影响.对季节间干湿状况差异分析结果表明,该地区以夏季最为湿润,而冬春两季最为干燥.对年代间干湿状况变化分析表明,20世纪60年代和80年代半干旱区的范围相对较大,80年代半湿润和半湿润半干旱区的范围最大.对逐年干燥度变化趋势的分析表明,随着时间的推移.黄淮海地区干湿区域间的差异有变得更加显著的趋势,即半干旱区干燥度指数逐渐增大,而半湿润和湿润区的干燥度指数趋向减小.     

Modification of a Parametrization of Shallow Convection in the Grey Zone Using a Mesoscale Model

In current operational numerical weather prediction models, the effect of shallow convection is parametrized. The grey zone of shallow convection is found between the horizontal resolutions of mesoscale numerical models (2–3 km) and large-eddy simulations (10–100 m or finer). At these horizontal scales the shallow convection is to some extent explicitly resolved by the model. The shallow-convection parametrization is still needed, but has to be regulated according to the model horizontal resolution. Here the behaviour of the non-hydrostatic mesoscale numerical weather prediction model Application of Research to Operations at Mesoscale is examined in the grey zone and a new scale-adaptive surface closure of its shallow-convection parametrization, dependent on horizontal resolution, is defined based on large-eddy simulation. The new closure is tested on a series of numerical experiments and validated on a 15-day-long real case period. Its impact on the development of deep convection is examined in detail. The idealized simulations show promising results, as the mean profiles of the subgrid and resolved turbulence change in the desired way. Based on the real case tests our modification has a low impact on model performance, but is part of a set of upgrades of the current parametrization that is aimed to treat the shallow convection grey zone.     

Adaptation of Pressure Based CFD Solvers for Mesoscale Atmospheric Problems

General purpose Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) solvers are frequently used in small-scale urban pollution dispersion simulations without a large extent of ver- tical flow. Vertical flow, however, plays an important role in the formation of local breezes, such as urban heat island induced breezes that have great significance in the ventilation of large cities. The effects of atmospheric stratification, anelasticity and Coriolis force must be taken into account in such simulations. We introduce a general method for adapting pressure based CFD solvers to atmospheric flow simulations in order to take advantage of their high flexibility in geometrical modelling and meshing. Compressibility and thermal stratification effects are taken into account by utilizing a novel system of transformations of the field variables and by adding consequential source terms to the model equations of incompressible flow. Phenomena involving mesoscale to microscale coupled effects can be analyzed without model nesting, applying only local grid refinement of an arbitrary level. Elements of the method are validated against an analytical solution, results of a reference calculation, and a laboratory scale urban heat island circulation experiment. The new approach can be applied with benefits to several areas of application. Inclusion of the moisture transport phenomena and the surface energy balance are important further steps towards the practical application of the method.     

Vertical and Horizontal Transport of Energy and Matter by Coherent Motions in a Tall Spruce Canopy

In the framework of the EGER (ExchanGE processes in mountainous Regions) project, the contribution of coherent structures to vertical and horizontal transports in a tall spruce canopy is investigated. The combination of measurements done in both the vertical and horizontal directions allows us to investigate coherent structures, their temporal scales, their role in flux transport, vertical coupling between the sub-canopy, canopy and air above the canopy, and horizontal coupling in the sub-canopy layer. The temporal scales of coherent structures detected with the horizontally distributed systems in the sub-canopy layer are larger than the temporal scales of coherent structures detected with the vertically distributed systems. The flux contribution of coherent structures to the momentum and sensible heat transport is found to be dominant in the canopy layer. Carbon dioxide and latent heat transport by coherent structures increase with height and reach a maximum at the canopy height. The flux contribution of the ejection decreases with increasing height and becomes dominant above the canopy level. The flux fraction transported during the sweep increases with height and becomes the dominant exchange process at the upper canopy level. The determined exchange regimes indicate consistent decoupling between the sub-canopy, canopy and air above the canopy during evening, nighttime and morning hours, whereas the coupled states and coupled by sweep states between layers are observed mostly during the daytime. Furthermore, the horizontal transport of sensible heat by coherent structures is investigated, and the heterogeneity of the contribution of coherent events to the flux transport is demonstrated. A scheme to determine the horizontal coupling by coherent structures in the sub-canopy layer is proposed, and it is shown that the sub-canopy layer is horizontally coupled mainly in the wind direction. The vertical coupling in most cases is observed together with streamwise horizontal coupling, whereas the cross-stream direction is decoupled.     

淮北地区一次强风暴的弓形回波分析

2005年7月16日淮北地区发生了一次强风暴天气过程。主要使用新建成的阜阳CINRAD-SA多普勒天气雷达观测资料,辅以天气图、本站高空观测、地面观测资料,对此过程进行了综合分析。结果表明：这是一次以灾害性大风为主、有雨暴相伴随、局部还有冰雹发生的强对流天气过程。影响系统是一条中-β尺度的弓形飑线回波带。弓形回波带是由更早些时间出现的弧形的阵风锋触发而成的。中层干冷空气的侵入加强了对流云体中的下沉气流和低层出流,形成阵风锋。在如何综合应用如此丰富的雷达产品做好临近预报方面作了初步的尝试。     

TMI微波亮温反演热带气旋KUJIRA(T0302)降水结构

利用热带降雨测量卫星的微波成像仪(TMI)和星载测雨雷达(PR)资料,选取2003年第2号热带气旋KUJIRA降水个例,采用高频通道直接组合方案和全通道间接对数组合方案建立了多频道线性回归算式,对4种不同分辨率(0.1、0.2、0.25、0.5)进行了TMI反演降水试验。结果表明,运用全通道间接对数组合法反演降水效果明显优于常用的高频通道反演效果,且更稳定,因此,低频通道微波信息在降水反演中的作用是不可忽视的。运用0.2和0.25分辨率反演降水效果优于0.1和0.5分辨率,其中0.2分辨率更具实际应用价值。     

Interdecadal variations of cold air activities in Northeast China during springtime

Based on the daily mean temperature data of CN05.2 from 1961 to 2012, cold events (CEs) are first divided into two categories according to their duration: strong cold events (SCEs) and weak cold events (WCEs). Then, the characteristics of CEs, SCEs, and WCEs during springtime are investigated. The results indicate that in the pre-1990s epoch, ENSO and Arctic Oscillation events in the previous winter are closely related to SCEs in the following spring. The multidecadal variations of CEs, SCEs, and WCEs are obvious. The intensity trend for SCEs is significantly negative, but it seems less apparent for WCEs. Further analysis reveals that when both SCEs and WCEs occur, a typical East Asian trough in the 850- hPa wind field, whose northwesterly wind component invades Northeast China (NEC) and causes freezing days, can be found in every decade. For the SCEs, a cold vortex, with its center located over Okhotsk and northeasterly current affecting NEC, is found as an additional feature. For the WCEs, the cold vortex is located in Karafuto and its northwesterly airflow intrudes into NEC. As for the difference between SCEs and WCEs, the northwestern flow is weaker while the northeastern counterpart is stronger during the SCEs, in all decades. In the Takaya–Nakamura flux and divergence fields, for the SCEs, a divergence center exists over NEC; and over its downstream regions, a stronger divergence center appears, not like a wave train. However, the opposite is the case for the WCEs; moreover, the wave train appears clearly during the WCEs, which means that the wave energy can propagate and dissipate more easily during WCEs.     

Influence of Changes in the Prevailing Synoptic Conditions on the Response of Aerosol Characteristics to Land- and Sea-Breeze Circulations at a Coastal Station

The changes in the response of near surfaceaerosol properties to land- and sea-breezecirculations, associated with the changes in the prevailing synoptic meteorological conditions, are examined for a tropical coastal station. Aerosol properties are nearly similar in both the breeze regimes (land and sea) during seasons of marine airmass while they are distinct during seasons of continental airmass. As the prevailing winds shift from continental to marine and the ambient weather changes from winter conditions to the humid monsoon season, the submicron mode, which dominated the aerosol mass-size distribution, is largely suppressed and the dominance of the super micron mode increases. During periods of continental air mass (winter), the aerosol loading is significantly higher in the land-breeze regime, (particularly in the submicron range) but as the winds shift to marine, the loading initially becomes insensitive to the breeze regimes and later becomes higher in the sea-breeze regime, particularly in the super micron range.