广州市三个圈层社区居民通勤碳排放特征——以都府小区、南雅苑小区和丽江花园为例

低碳城市已成为应对全球气候变化和促进人与自然和谐相处的重要研究领域,但从微观层面探讨城市居民通勤碳排放特征和影响因素的研究较为缺乏.利用对广州市不同圈层社区的问卷调查数据,对其通勤碳排放进行测算,采用分等定级和洛伦兹曲线分析社区间、社区内、个体间的分异,并建立了基于多元回归的社区居民通勤碳排放的影响模型.结果显示:社区居民通勤碳排放较符合“60-20”规律(温室气体排放最多的20％的人排放了总量的60％).中心区和边缘区的通勤碳排放不均等性更大;不同个人、家庭和通勤属性的通勤者的碳排放量存在较大差异;通勤距离、出行交通方式、每天的通勤往返次数、个人的工作月收入和所在街道的人口密度对家庭通勤碳排放有显著影响.     

西藏邦铺斑岩矽卡岩矿床二长花岗斑岩Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf同位素及闪锌矿黄铁矿Rb-Sr等时线年龄研究

邦铺钼多金属矿是形成于印亚板块碰撞后碰撞伸展环境中的大型富Mo(~0.09%)、贫Cu(~0.32%),并且伴生Pb-Zn的斑岩-矽卡岩矿床。邦铺矿床位于冈底斯斑岩成矿带东段北侧,其成矿年代(~15.32Ma)与冈底斯斑岩成矿带内其它典型的斑岩矿床具有一致性(12~18Ma)。邦铺矿床除了富Mo(Cu),还含有大量的Pb-Zn矿石,其中Mo(Cu)以斑岩型矿化为特征,而Pb-Zn则主要赋存于矽卡岩之中。本文立足邦铺矿床两大问题:矿床富Mo原因和斑岩-矽卡岩两期矿化的关系,借助含矿岩体二长花岗斑岩Sr-Nd-Pb和锆石Hf同位素及共生闪锌矿和黄铁矿的Rb-Sr等时线年龄研究,为更好地了解矿床成因和冈底斯斑岩成矿带成矿规律提供依据。对矽卡岩矿区共生的黄铁矿闪锌矿进行Rb-Sr定年,87 Rb/87Sr=0.2351~7.903,87Sr/86Sr=0.714011~0.715539,闪锌矿和黄铁矿的Rb-Sr等时线年龄为13.93±0.87Ma,其成矿时间与斑岩成矿时间(辉钼矿Re-Os年龄15.32Ma)近于一致;同时,在空间上,随着距离二长花岗斑岩距离的增大,石榴子石减少,方解石及其它碳酸盐矿物增多,矽卡岩矿物组合由高温向低温转变,闪锌矿颜色由不透明向半透明过渡,暗示了温度连续下降的过程;所以无论时间还是空间上,邦铺斑岩矿化和矽卡岩矿化都属于同一成矿系统。邦铺二长花岗斑岩(87Sr/86Sr)i值介于0.707504~0.710012之间,变化范围较小;εNd(t)值为-3.96~-3.56,TDM2为1020~1050Ma;206 Pb/204 Pb、207 Pb/204 Pb、208Pb/204Pb分别为18.304~18.439、15.744~15.793、38.842~38.904;锆石176 Hf/177 Hf为0.282826~0.283009,平均值为0.282916,εHf(t)值为2.2~8.7,平均值为5.4;全岩Sr-Nd-Pb及锆石Hf同位素特征指示邦铺二长花岗斑岩为壳幔源岩浆混合作用的产物,其壳源组分的含量相对于冈底斯斑岩成矿带典型的含矿斑岩更高。幔源物质来源于上涌的软流圈地幔而壳源物质为加入大量古老地壳成分的新生下地壳;由于Mo、Pb、Zn主要来自于古老的下地壳,含有大量古老地壳物质的新生下地壳源区解释了邦铺Mo(Cu)-Pb-Zn的金属元素组合。     

西藏列廷冈-勒青拉Fe-Cu-Pb-Zn矿区成矿岩体锆石U-Pb年代学与岩石地球化学特征

西藏冈底斯北缘发育一条矽卡岩型Fe-Cu-Pb-Zn多金属成矿带,列廷冈-勒青拉矿床是这条带上同时发育Fe-Cu-Pb-Zn四个矿种的最具代表性矿床。矿区内Fe-Cu矿体位于列廷冈矿段和勒青拉矿段东侧,Pb-Zn矿体位于勒青拉矿段西侧,与成矿作用相关的居布扎日岩体位于矿区东南部,呈复式岩体,以大面积岩基产状出露。岩体北侧列廷冈Fe-Cu-(Mo)矿段的花岗闪长斑岩锆石U-Pb年龄为62.85±0.58 Ma,为印度-欧亚大陆碰撞造山带主碰撞早期岩浆活动的产物。岩石地球化学分析表明该套岩石属于高钾钙碱性、准铝质向过铝质过渡花岗岩;其Rb、Ba、Th、U、Pb等大离子亲石元素(LILE)强烈富集,Nb、Ta、Ti、P等高场强元素(HFSE)和Sr强烈亏损;稀土总量变化于173.23×10-6~208.98×10-6之间,(La/Yb)N介于5.71~6.24之间,具有中等负Eu异常(0.45~0.54),富集轻稀土元素(LREE),相对亏损重稀土元素(HREE);总体具有弧火山岩的地球化学特征。锆石结晶温度平均为693℃,岩体的氧逸度较小,平均为-8.63,表明其岩浆经历了在水近饱和条件下发生的熔融过程。锆石176 Hf/177 Hf=0.282557~0.282927,εHf(t)=-6.25~6.79,平均地壳模式年龄TDMC=696~1522 Ma,表明成矿岩体岩浆源区具有幔源岩浆混染壳源岩浆特征,这也成为形成矽卡岩型Fe-Cu-Pb-Zn多金属矿化共存的主导因素。结合前人及本次研究结果,建立冈底斯北亚带Fe-Cu-Pb-Zn多金属矿化成矿过程如下:在印-亚大陆碰撞造山带主碰撞早期,俯冲的新特提斯洋板片发生回卷引起软流圈地幔上涌,诱发楔形地幔区部分熔融,经MASH过程产生的幔源岩浆上侵,并在部分地区遭受与壳源岩浆的混染甚至混合。当幔源岩浆与壳源岩浆分别上侵并与碳酸盐岩地层相互作用时,矿区形成矽卡岩型Fe-Cu和矽卡岩型Pb-Zn矿化,但当壳幔混源的岩浆上侵并与碳酸盐岩地层相互作用时,矿区则形成矽卡岩型Fe-Cu-Pb-Zn等多金属矿化。     

The Distinct Light Curve Shape of the Asteroid (469)

The observation light curves of the main belt asteroid (469) Argentina, obtained on March 9–11 2002 and August 10–11 2004, are presented in this paper. The complex light curve of the (469) suggests that it may be in NPA rotation. Using the Fourier analysis method, some prominent spectrum values are derived individually for two subset data. Among these period values, periods of 13.00 and 8.74 h are regarded as basic components. Other derived period values can be combined linearly with these two basic period values. If the (469) is in a free-force precession mode, the motion mode will be LAM (largest-axis mode) according the ratio of precession and rotation periods. And the minimum of I ₁/I ₃ (ratio of the largest and smallest principal momentum of inertial) is 3.05. Assuming an external torque releasing by a satellite forces the (469) to precess, the mass of satellite roughly is the same order as the primary’s on condition that the precession and rotation periods are two basic values. At present, we cannot draw an unambiguous conclusion on (469)’s motion for sparse data, So the further observations are necessary for understanding the (469)’s tumbling motion farther.     

Non‐linear prestack seismic inversion with global optimization using an edge‐preserving smoothing filter

Estimating elastic parameters from prestack seismic data remains a subject of interest for the exploration and development of hydrocarbon reservoirs. In geophysical inverse problems, data and models are in general non‐linearly related. Linearized inversion methods often have the disadvantage of strong dependence on the initial model. When the initial model is far from the global minimum, inversion iteration is likely to converge to the local minimum. This problem can be avoided by using global optimization methods. In this paper, we implemented and tested a prestack seismic inversion scheme based on a quantum‐behaved particle swarm optimization (QPSO) algorithm aided by an edge‐preserving smoothing ( EPS) operator. We applied the algorithm to estimate elastic parameters from prestack seismic data. Its performance on both synthetic data and real seismic data indicates that QPSO optimization with the EPS operator yields an accurate solution.     

Underwater Explosion (UWE) Analysis of the ROKS Cheonan Incident

The underwater explosion (UWE) resulting in the sinking of the South Korean warship, ROKS Cheonan occurred on March 26 2010. Raw data was analyzed from several 3-component stations—Baengyeong-do Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) station (BAR), Ganghwa KMA station (GAHB), Incheon Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) station (INCN), the short-period station—Deokjeok-do KMA station (DEI), as well as from the seismo-acoustic array Baengyeong-do Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM) station (BRDAR). The ROKS Cheonan incident has been investigated by both the Multinational Civilian-Military Joint Investigation Group (Ministry of National Defense, 2010) and Hong (Bull Seism Soc Am 101:1554–1562, 2011). Their respective methods and conclusions are also presented in this study. One of the main differences between their findings and ours is that we deducted that the fundamental bubble frequency was 1.01 Hz with a subsequent oscillation of 1.72 Hz. Also, in contrast to findings by the MCMJIG and Hong, our analysis shows the first reverberation frequency to be 8.5 Hz and the subsequent one to be ≈25 Hz. The TNT-equivalent charge weight (seismic yield) and seismic magnitude were estimated from an observed bubble frequency of 1.01 Hz and the analytical model of a bubble pulse. From the data analyzed, we deducted that the seismic yield would be about 136 kg of TNT, which is equivalent to the individual yield of a large number of land control mines (LCM) which were abandoned in the vicinity of the ROKS Cheonan incident by the Republic of Korea (ROK) Navy in the 1970s (Ministry of National Defense 2010). Also, whereas both the MCMJIG and HONG estimated the local magnitude at 1.5, our findings came to the conclusion of a local magnitude of approximately 2.04 based on the bubble frequency of 1.01 Hz measured on the vertical component of BAR station data considering the empirical relationship between charge weight (TNT yield) and underwater explosion magnitude. Strong high-frequency signals collected at the 3-component BAR station approximately 30 s after P-wave arrivals and infrasound records at BRDAR clearly indicate powerful acoustic phases and N-waves caused by a relatively shallow UWE. T-phases are also observed on seismograms and spectra at 15–17 Hz on the DEI, GAHB, and INCN stations.     

汶川MS8.0地震前云南地区显著前兆观测异常分析

汶川M_S8.0地震前云南地区出现了显著的前兆观测异常. 该文从大地震的孕育范围出发分析认为这些地震前兆异常可能与汶川M_S8.0地震有关, 并认识到前兆观测出现的显著极值异常可能是M_S≥7.0大地震的前兆; 有学者认为大震震源区没有或较少出现前兆观测趋势异常是大地震的共性特征, 汶川M_S8.0地震的前兆观测异常也是相同的; 地震前兆观测异常开始和结束时间是多样的, 前兆异常的分布是复杂的, 因此利用震后总结的共性特征, 在震前对汶川M_S8.0地震作出预测是困难的.      

Hydrogeological modeling constraints provided by geophysical and geochemical mapping of a chlorinated ethenes plume in northern France

A methodological approach is described which combines geophysical and geochemical data to delineate the extent of a chlorinated ethenes plume in northern France; the methodology was used to calibrate a hydrogeological model of the contaminants’ migration and degradation. The existence of strong reducing conditions in some parts of the aquifer is first determined by measuring in situ the redox potential and dissolved oxygen, dissolved ferrous iron and chloride concentrations. Electrical resistivity imaging and electromagnetic mapping, using the Slingram method, are then used to determine the shape of the pollutant plume. A decreasing empirical exponential relation between measured chloride concentrations in the water and aquifer electrical resistivity is observed; the resistivity formation factor calculated at a few points also shows a major contribution of chloride concentration in the resistivity of the saturated porous medium. MODFLOW software and MT3D99 first-order parent–daughter chain reaction and the RT3D aerobic–anaerobic model for tetrachloroethene (PCE)/trichloroethene (TCE) dechlorination are finally used for a first attempt at modeling the degradation of the chlorinated ethenes. After calibration, the distribution of the chlorinated ethenes and their degradation products simulated with the model approximately reflects the mean measured values in the observation wells, confirming the data-derived image of the plume.     

Geomechanical Characterization of Zhangmu Soil-Rock Mixture Deposit

Zhangmu deposit is a typical soil-rock mixture (S-RM) deposit made up of very complicated inhomogeneous materials containing soil matrix and rock blocks of various sizes. The slope shows evidences of instability phenomena characterized by shallow landslides and several extensive cracks along slide crown, which seriously affects the life of local residents. In order to characterize the mechanical behavior of the deposit with evaluation of the actual strength parameters and permeability while taking into account the influence of the block proportion, seven test points were established for in situ S-RM and constant-head injection tests on a large scale. The results indicated a larger internal friction angle and lower cohesion for S-RM from in situ tests compared to tests results obtained from laboratory testing. Moreover, it was noted that the strength parameters were correlated with the block proportion by weight (WBP) of S-RM, while both internal friction angle and cohesion were observed to be strongly affected by a critical WBP threshold (70 %), which is in agreement with the common S-RM mechanical behavior. Furthermore, permeability increases with WBP increase to more than 70 %, denoting a similar threshold to the findings observed in strength characteristics.