Salt and pepper cleaning on the landsat processed images

This paper proposes an algorithm for removing the unwanted pixels from the categorized Landsat data without disturbing the features in the categorized data. Sample outputs of the smoothed data and unsmoothed data (original data) are presented.     

Crustal structure from deep seismic soundings along the Koyna II (Kelsi-Loni) profile in the Deccan Trap area, India

The crustal depth section obtained from deep seismic soundings along the Koyna II (Kelsi-Loni) profile, which lies near latitude 18°N roughly in the east-west direction in that part of the Deccan Trap Maharashtra State, India, shows a number of reflection segments below the Deccan Traps down to the Moho discontinuity. A deep fault below the Deccan Traps 13 km east of Mahad divides the entire cross-section including the Moho boundary into two crustal blocks. The reflection segments show updip towards the west coast in the western block. The Moho discontinuity which is at a depth of 39 km near the deep fault starts rising towards the coast, reaching a depth of 31.5 km at the west coast. The eastern block is thrown up by 1.5 km with respect to the western block along the deep fault. A structural contour map of the Moho discontinuity for the Koyna reservoir area has been prepared from the present results and the crustal information obtained along the Koyna I profile (Kaila et al., 1979a), shows that the deep fault in the Koyna area is aligned in the NNW-SSE direction.Refraction seismic data analysis by the wave front method reveals that the thickness of the Deccan Trap increases towards the west coast. The Deccan Trap is 600–700 m thick in the eastern region between Nira (SP 130) and Loni (SP 200) and attains a thickness of 1500 m at 10 km east of the west coast. The longitudinal wave velocity in the Deccan Traps along the profile varies from 4.8 to 5.0 km/sec and in the crystalline basement from 6.0 to 6.15 km/sec. A tentative isopach contour map of the Deccan Traps and a tentative structural contour map of the Pre-Deccan Trap contact have been prepared for the Koyna reservoir area from the results along the Koyna II and Koyna I profiles. A flexure aligned in a NNW-SSE direction, in the Pre-Deccan Trap contact, which is an expression of the deep fault into the basement, has been clearly brought out. The flexure coincides in general with the orientation of the Deccan volcanic scarp in this area.     

Excitation of electromagnetic lower hybrid instability in the region of bouncing electron beams

The region of bouncing electron beams in the earth’s magnetosphere can be unstable against a non-resonant electromagnetic lower hybrid instability. The instability is purely growing in the rest frame of the plasma, and can be excited either by the temperature anisotropy or the drift velocity of the bouncing electron beams. The growth rates of the instability decrease with the increase of cold electron density. Consequently the growth rate is maximum at the equator where the cold electron density is minimum. The intense turbulence generated by this instability could broaden the bouncing electron beams thereby explaining the observed wider cone width of the beams at the equator. The instability could generate magnetic pulsations in the frequency range of orderPc ₁?Pc₃ with typical wavelength ≈ (3–10) km in the, magnetosphere during magnetic storms or substorms.     

A T-shaped four-electrode configuration for resistivity profiling over thin vertical conducting veins

A new variant of the four-electrode system is proposed for geophysical resistivity investigations, particularly for profiling over conductive bodies. Model tank resistivity profiling experiments with Wenner, Schlumberger and the proposed T-shaped four-electrode arrays were carried out over a thin conducting vein type model to evaluate the efficacy of the new array. The proposed array appears to possess a larger response, a greater depth of investigation and a higher vertical resolution in detecting conducting bodies, as compared to the two-conventional arrays.     

Magnetic properties of mafics and ultramafics from Eastern Ghats

Magnetic properties, namely intensity of natural remanent magnetisation (NRM) and magnetic susceptibility, of mafic and ultramafic formations of Eastern Ghats belt in the Godavari Districts, Andhra Pradesh are studied. The formations sampled for the study are, iron-ore, chromite-ore, amphibolite, gabbro, charnockite and khondalite gneiss. Mineralogical differences in iron-ore and the degree of martitisation are reflected in magnetic susceptibility. NRM and susceptibility of chromite-ore are feeble. The gabbro exhibits strong magnetic properties because of its contiguity with iron formation. The Koenigsberger ratio is found to indicate relative palaeomagnetic stability.     

The structure of the natural stratosphere and the impact of chlorofluoromethanes on the ozone layer investigated in a 2-D time dependent model

two-dimensional time dependent model of the stratosphere incorporating the major interactions between radiative-photochemical and dynamical processes is described. The main prognostic equations considered are the thermodynamic equation and the general conservation equation for the minor chemical constituents representing the odd oxygen (O _x =O+('D)+O₃), odd hydrogen (HO _x =HO+HO₂), N₂O, odd nitrogen (NO _x =NO+NO₂+HNO₃), CF₂Cl₂, CFCl₃ and odd chlorine (Cl _x =Cl+ClO+HCl). The zonal wind and mean meridional circulations are determined diagnostically by the integration of the thermal wind equation and the stream function equation in the meridional plane espectively. The large scale eddy processes are parameterized in terms of zonal mean quantities using the generalized diffusion formulation on a sloping surface. The radiative heating and cooling and the hotochemical sources and sinks are incorporated in a form which allows for the major interactions among the minor trace constituents, temperature and mean circulation.Two integrations consisting of natural stratosphere and a stratosphere contaminated by the chlorofluoromethanes through lower boundary fluxes are carried out for 23 model years by changing the declination of the sun every day and using 6-hour time step. The model simulations of temperature, mean circulation, ozone, HO _x , N₂O and NO _x in the meridional plane for the normal stratosphere, show satisfactory agreement with the available observations. Based on the results of second integration it is found that the injection of chlorofluoromethanes in the atmosphere at the estimated current production rates can lead to significant changes in the meridional distribution of ozone, temperature and NO _x in the middle and upper stratosphere. The results also indicate that the percentage total ozone depletion increases from tropics to high latitudes and from summer to winter high latitudes. Also discussed are the results of additional experiments incorporating the reaction of HO₂ with NO and the reactions involving ClNO₃.     

Exploitation of the Gauribidanur array for seismic monitoring

The medium-aperture array at Gauribidanur is in continous operation since 1966. With the recent addition of a 12-bit 16-K computer its potential for the monitoring of underground explosions has improved considerably. The salient aspects of the monitoring system, the present and projected procedures for generation and dissemination of detection data and the long-term storage of data relevant to discrimination research are discussed. An attempt is also made to assess its detection efficiency in the light of the major features of site noise.     

Correlation of water quality parameters and products of exotech radiometer bands

In the analysis of water quality by remote sensing, it is widely reported, that, several parameters of water quality are correlated with the reflectances and the ratios of reflectances of the water body in different spectral bands. In this paper, it is shown empirically, that, the pairwise product of the reflectances in different bands is better correlated than the bands and their ratios. A possible explanation for this pnenomenon is also suggested.