三江源区蒸散量的时空分布特征

三江源地区位于青海南部,是中国三大主要河流长江、黄河和澜沧江的源头汇水区,是中国海拔最高的天然湿地和面积最大的自然保护区。三江源地区生态环境脆弱,评估地下水蒸散量对该地区水循环和水资源量评价有重要作用,对生态环境保护也具有一定意义。基于中等分辨率的MODIS数据,利用表面能量平衡系统对三江源地区2001—2017年的区域蒸散量进行估算,并采用Sen+Mann-Kendall法分析其连续时间序列内的时空变化趋势,讨论其影响因素。结果表明:研究区蒸散量从2001年到2017年总体呈增长趋势;三个源区多年年平均蒸散量值表现为澜沧江源>黄河源>长江源的变化规律;三江源区超过62.62%的地区蒸散量变化呈显著增长趋势,轻微显著增长地区占28.03%,显著减小地区占比极少;蒸散量的变化主要受气候影响,与气温、降水量呈明显正相关关系,其确定系数分别为0.80、0.89;蒸散量与植被指数及土壤湿度也均呈明显正相关关系。     

山东半岛北岸跨锋面物质输运对辽东半岛东岸沉积有机质含量及来源的影响

深入理解气候变化影响下海洋动力过程变化及其多重环境效应,是了解海岸海洋系统未来演化趋势的重要途径。因此,本文在辽东半岛东岸泥质区取柱状样一根,通过沉积物粒度、TOC/TN含量、δ13C以及δ15N等指标,分析气候变化下山东半岛北岸跨锋面物质输运强度变化,及其对辽东半岛东岸泥质区沉积有机质含量和来源的影响。结果表明,高海面时期以来,山东半岛北岸跨锋面物质输运可分为两个变化阶段：6.5～2.9 cal ka BP,其强度随冬季风和黄海暖流的不断减弱而减弱;2.9 cal ka BP至今,由于冬季风较弱而黄海暖流总体强盛,其强度随黄海暖流的波动而呈现4段式的复杂变化。此外,辽东半岛东岸泥质区陆源和海源有机质含量与其强度呈正相关,相应于跨锋面物质输运强度的变化,6.5～2.9 cal ka BP期间,陆源和海源有机质含量持续减少,而2.9 cal ka BP至今则呈现复杂的4段式变化。总体上看,自6.5 cal ka BP以来,陆源有机质贡献率不断下降而海源有机质贡献率逐渐上升。     

地理学视角下土地利用/覆被分类发展探讨

随着对地观测和互联网技术的发展,地理大数据时代正在到来,其多尺度、长时序、多模态等海量“超”覆盖数据为土地利用/覆被（Land Use/Land Cover, 简称LULC）分类及变化检测带来巨大的机遇,支撑着新时代人、地两大系统相互作用关系的认知和实践。然而,多数地理学者认为地理学基本原理与核心思想并未因为大数据的到来而发生本质性变化。所以,从地理学基本原理角度理解LULC分类的发展,尤其在地理大数据时代的发展方向,不失为一条可行的途径。为此,本文从区域、尺度、综合三方面的地理学基本原理视角将LULC分类技术的发展划分为地球观测数据匮乏阶段、人类行为数据融合阶段以及地理大数据“超”覆盖阶段分别探讨分析,以期主动把握LULC分类技术及应用的未来发展趋势。研究结果显示：在地球观测数据匮乏阶段,LULC分类多以类型还不丰富的遥感数据源,在空间分辨率较低的像元尺度上,进行以地表覆被状态为主的分类;发展到人类行为数据融合阶段,LULC分类在城市区域率先出现了对地观测数据和人类行为数据相融合,在街区尺度上进行以空间功能异质性划分、识别为主导的城市功能区分类;在地理大数据“超”覆盖阶段,LULC分类将实现多尺度协同、面向全空间的功能异质性划分,并在主体功能的基础上融合“社会-经济-自然”多维定量属性,本文称之为“空间场景”。希望本文的探讨能够为地理大数据时代LULC分类的新技术发展和新产品应用提供有益启示。     

The simulation of surface flow dynamics using a flow-path network model

This paper proposes a flow-path network (FPN) model to simulate complex surface flow based on a drainage-constrained triangulated irregular network (TIN). The TIN was constructed using critical points and drainage lines extracted from a digital terrain surface. Runoff generated on the surface was simplified as ‘water volumes’ at constrained random points that were then used as the starting points of flow paths (i.e. flow source points). The flow-path for each ‘water volume’ was constructed by tracing the direction of flow from the flow source point over the TIN surface to the stream system and then to the outlet of the watershed. The FPN was represented by a set of topologically defined one-dimensional line segments and nodes. Hydrologic variables, such as flow velocity and volume, were computed and integrated into the FPN to support dynamic surface flow simulation. A hypothetical rainfall event simulation on a hilly landscape showed that the FPN model was able to simulate the dynamics of surface flow over time. A real-world catchment test demonstrated that flow rates predicted by the FPN model agreed well with field observations. Overall, the FPN model proposed in this study provides a vector-based modeling framework for simulating surface flow dynamics. Further studies are required to enhance the simulations of individual hydrologic processes such as flow generation and overland and channel flows, which were much simplified in this study.     

Petroleum Characteristics and Controlling Factors in Lunnan Low Uplift,Tarim Basin

The Lunnan(轮南) low uplift is a complex basin that is situated in northwestern China.This area had undergone a range of tectonic events,and there are multi-production zones and reservoir types.Also,heavy oil,common black oil,volatilization oil,condensate oil and natural gas are approximately under the same stratum pressure grads and geothermal grads.The east Lunnan low uplift is mainly composed of condensate oil and natural gas,the middle part has many types of petroleum and the west part mostly has heavy oi...     

塔里木盆地轮南地区碳酸盐岩油气藏原油酸值的分布特征及其形成机制

轮南地区是塔里木盆地北部的主要含油气区,该地区奥陶系原油中酸值含量普遍较低,分布范围在0.01～1.41mg KOH/g,大多数原油属于低含酸原油,少数属于含酸原油或高酸原油,酸值在平面上表现出明显的"西高东低"特征。通过原油物性对比、地球化学分析及成藏过程的研究发现,原油的酸值与其母质类型、成熟度、生物降解程度及油气充注史均有一定的关系,尤其与生物降解作用密切相关。通过对原油生物标志化合物的分析,判定该区含酸原油为混合成因,这与油气成藏过程分析结果是一致的。原油中酸性物质含量会影响原油的性质,原油的酸值与物理性质具有明显的相关关系,轮南地区油气性质差异明显,具有"西油东气"的分布格局,原油的密度、胶质沥青质含量、含硫量等也具有"西高东低"的分布特点,而气油比、含蜡量等则表现为相反的分布特征。     

基本农田植树的原因及防治对策——以莱芜市莱城区张家洼街道办事处为例

近年来,基本农田植树的现象越来越严重,耕地保护的形式日益严峻。以莱芜市莱城区张家洼街道办事处为例,分析其中的原因,主要为部分农民耕地保护意识淡薄;而种树投入少却见效快;此外,还有农村劳动力减少等原因,建议要改变现状应加快政策研究,使法律更加完善;出台地方保护政策,建立奖惩制度;成立专门工作班子,采取强制措施,加大宣传力度,营造良好氛围等措施。     

PDS型地震仪自动校钟同步装置研制

为使原本用于人工地震测深野外数据采集的PDS型地震仪能够适用于超密集流动台阵野外观测,设计了一种基于Apollo2微控制器的具备GNSS校钟同步和仪器工作参数动态设置功能的外置即插即用式自动控制装置.经室内测试运行和野外比对测试实验,该装置运行稳定可靠,能满足野外超密集台阵长期连续工作的需要.     

Spatial information recognizing of ocean eddies based on virtual force field and its application

A new approach to detecting ocean eddies automatically from remote sensing imageries based on the ocean eddy's eigen-pattern in remote sensing imagery and "force field-based shape extracting method" is proposed. First, the analysis on extracting eddies' edges from remote sensing imagery using conventional edge detection arithmetic operators is performed and returns digitized vector edge data as a result. Second, attraction forces and fusion forces between edge curves were analyzed and calculated based on the vector eddy edges. Thirdly, the virtual significant spatial patterns of eddy were detected automatically using iterative repetition followed by optimized rule. Finally, the spatial form auto-detection of different types of ocean eddies was done using satellite images. The study verified that this is an effective way to identify and detect the ocean eddy with a complex form.     

地热预查孔深孔段φ131/79 mm取心钻具的研制与应用

山西省乡宁县十里铺一带地热资源可行性预查项目预查钻孔,由于深孔段复杂情况,被迫变更钻孔结构,原配置的φ152 mm石油系列单动双管取心钻具无法使用,因此研制了φ131/79 mm单动双管取心钻具,在分析取心钻柱组合力学特性的基础上,通过钻具使用与设备参数调整、钻具水路改进及深孔段取心钻进其它改进措施,使奥陶系及下伏寒武系层位全段不间断取心钻进取得了较好的效果。本文还对该专用取心钻具在深孔段的实际取心效果进行了数据统计与分析总结。