丽水空气污染物时序特征及与气象条件的关系研究

利用丽水2012年9月—2014年3月主要空气污染物浓度和气象数据,分析丽水空气污染物构成及其与气象因子的相关性。分析结果表明:丽水空气质量优良率约80%,高频首要污染物依次为PM2.5、O38、PM10、NO2;各污染物浓度分布的时间、季节特征明显:早晚高峰时段污染物浓度普遍偏高,冬季—初春是一年中污染较重季节,尤其春节期间PM和SO2浓度急剧上升。各主要污染物质浓度随气象因子的变化各有特点:CO在气温较高、晴朗微风、高层层结稳定的天气条件下浓度较高;NO2在气温适中、湿度较大且无明显降水时浓度较高;SO2则在气温适中、湿度较小、晴朗微风的天气条件下浓度较高;O3则在高温干燥天气时浓度较高;PM在干燥、气温较低、连续晴朗、微风、高层层结稳定时浓度较高。     

台风“利奇马”引发山东极端暴雨的多尺度特征分析

利用常规气象资料、NCEP FNL 1°×1°再分析、风廓线雷达、云顶亮温(black-body temperature, TBB)及逐时自动气象站降雨量资料,对2019年8月10—13日由台风“利奇马”引起山东极端暴雨的多尺度特征进行分析。结果表明：(1)此次台风特大暴雨主要为中低纬系统相互作用及台风倒槽本体直接影响产生,其与冷空气密切相关。冷暖空气交汇有利于山东大部地区稳定性降水长时间持续发生。冷空气从低层侵入暖湿气流底部,形成冷垫,使得暖湿气流在冷垫上滑行,加大降水强度。(2)低空急流指数的变化提前1 h预示了降水的出现及未来小时雨量的增减,其峰值出现预示着未来3 h的强降雨时段,即对强降雨时段的出现和雨强大小有一定的预示性,低空急流向低空的快速扩展对应着短时强降水的开始。可以用于强降水的短时临近预报。(3)Q矢量散度负值的强弱对于未来6 h的雨强大小有较好的指示意义。(4)淄博西河镇出现全省最大降雨量与其朝向东北的喇叭口地形和对流层低层东北风倒灌有关。(5)TBB场能较直观地反映强降水过程中降水的分布和强度。风廓线雷达超低空风场的变化对雨强大小和出现最大雨强的时段有着明显的指示...     

安徽省农村民居地震安全的问题剖析与对策研究

阐述了目前安徽省农村民居地震安全工作中存在的主要问题,分析了产生这些问题的原因．从不同角度提出了对策措施。     

Integration technology research on marine geographical information system

It is urgent and necessary to integrate a marine geographical information system （MGIS） with marine remote sensing detection modules. On the basis of the current technology and features of applications, an open three-layer integration framework is designed. At the data layer, a two-level three-base integration mechanism based on the plug-in technology is applied; At the function layer, an integration mode based on API, DLL, EXE and COM is discussed; and at the application layer, a sharing mechanism based on the clients/service is adopted. As an example, the remote sensing integrated application information system of China＇s coastal zone and offshore （MaXplorer1. 0） with muhiecology remote sensing fusion and assimilation module, surge detection module as well as eight other thematic application modules is integrated, and the key technology of integration is discussed at different layers and in different modules. The result shows that it is possible to realize the conformity of technology and resources and to provide the incorporate technology platform for marine information operational functioning after applying the integration framework.     

Robust multiple update-rate Kalman filter for new generation navigation signals carrier tracking

GPS Solutions - The study of ionospheric scintillation has played a critical role in ionospheric research and also in satellite positioning. This is due to the growing influence of GNSS in...     

Insight into the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Qaidam Basin, Northwest China from fracture information

Fractures can provide valuable information for tectonic evolution. According to the data of outcrops, cores, thin sections and well logs, the tectonic fractures in the Qaidam Basin can be divided into four types: small faults (including small normal fault and small reverse fault), vertical open fracture, bedding plane slip fracture and horizontal open fracture. Our fracture observations provide new constraints on the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Qaidam Basin. Syn-sedimentary small normal faults in the Paleogene strata indicate the extension deformation during the Paleogene. Small reverse faults, vertical open fractures and bedding plane slip fractures occurred in the Paleogene and Neogene strata have genetic relationship. According to the burial history and homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions of gypsum and calcite filled in the vertical open fractures, it can be deduced that the vertical open fractures being formed mainly from the late Miocene Shangyoushashan Formation with age of 5.1?Ma to the end of Pliocene Shizigou Formation with age of 2.6?Ma, indicating small reverse faults, vertical open fractures and bedding plane slip fractures were simultaneously formed in the Neogene. These fractures were resulted from the compression deformation. The horizontal open fractures occurred in the Paleogene, Neogene and Quaternary strata with apertures and intensities decreasing with depth were formed by the large-scale quick uplift and denudation resulted from the strong compression deformation since the Quaternary.     

Molecular carbon isotope variations in core samples taken at the Permian–Triassic boundary layers in southern China

Stable carbon isotope composition (δ¹³C) of carbonate sediments and the molecular (biomarker) characteristics of a continuous Permian–Triassic (PT) layer in southern China were studied to obtain geochemical signals of global change at the Permian–Triassic boundary (PTB). Carbonate carbon isotope values shifted toward positive before the end of the Permian period and then shifted negative above the PTB into the Triassic period. Molecular carbon isotope values of biomarkers followed the same trend at and below the PTB and remained negative in the Triassic layer. These biomarkers were acyclic isoprenoids, ranging from C₁₅ to C₄₀, steranes (C₂₇ dominates) and terpenoids that were all significantly more abundant in samples from the Permian layer than those from the Triassic layer. The Triassic layer was distinguished by the dominance of higher molecular weight (waxy) n-alkanes. Stable carbon isotope values of individual components, including n-alkanes and acyclic isoprenoids such as phytane, isop-C₂₅, and squalane, are depleted in δ¹³C by up to 8–10‰ in the Triassic samples as compared to the Permian. Measured molecular and isotopic variations of organic matter in the PT layers support the generally accepted view of Permian oceanic stagnation followed by a massive upwelling of toxic deep waters at the PTB. A series of large-scale (global) outgassing events may be associated with the carbon isotope shift we measured. This is also consistent with the lithological evidence we observed of white thin-clay layers in this region. Our findings, in context with a generally accepted stagnant Permian ocean, followed by massive upwelling of toxic deep waters might be the major causes of the largest global mass extinction event that occurred at the Permian–Triassic boundary.     

测绘新技术与数字城市建设发展关系探讨——以临沂市为例

该文介绍了测绘技术近年来发展的现状与趋势,探讨了测绘新技术与数字城市建设之间的关系,并论述了测绘新技术在数字临沂建设中的重要作用和影响。指出测绘新技术为数字临沂建设的发展带来极其难得的机遇,但应清醒的认识到其在各方面尚存在的较大差距。     

Inter-catchment comparison of flow regime between the Hailiutu and Huangfuchuan rivers in the semi-arid Erdos Plateau,Northwest China

Abstract

Two river catchments, the Huangfuchuan and the Hailiutu, located in the same climate zone in the Erdos Plateau, China, have distinctly different flow regimes. This study systematically compared differences between the flow regimes of these two catchments using several statistical methods, and analysed the possible causes. The variations in yearly, monthly and daily mean discharges were found to be much greater in the Huangfuchuan catchment than in the Hailiutu catchment. Preliminary analysis indicated that these differences are not caused by changes in climate, but are instead attributable to differences in geology, geomorphology, hydrological processes and human interventions. In the Hailiutu catchment, the dominant groundwater contribution maintains stationary daily and monthly river discharges, while shifts in yearly mean discharges were closely associated with the expansion or reduction of crop area. In the Huangfuchuan catchment, the dominant direct rainfall–runoff process generates flashier daily and monthly river discharges, while the decrease of yearly mean discharges is caused mainly by the construction of check dams. These findings have significant implications for water resource management and the implementation of proper soil and water conservation measures in the middle reach of the Yellow River Basin of China.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz; Associate editor Y. Gyasi-Agyei     

Variable effects of labile carbon on the carbon use of different microbial groups in black slate degradation

Weathering of ancient organic matter contributes significantly to biogeochemical carbon cycles over geological times. The principle role of microorganisms in this process is well recognized. However, information is lacking on the contribution of individual groups of microorganisms and on the effect of labile carbon sources to the degradation process. Therefore, we investigated the contribution of fungi, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in the degradation process using a column experiment. Investigations were performed on low metamorphic black slates. All columns contained freshly crushed, sieved (0.63-2 mm), not autoclaved black slates. Two columns were inoculated with the lignite-degrading fungus Schizophyllum commune and received a culture medium containing ¹³C labeled glucose, two columns received only this culture medium and two control columns received only water.The total mass balance was calculated from all carbon added to the slate and the CO₂ and DOC losses. Phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) were extracted to investigate microbial communities. We used both the compound specific ¹⁴C and ¹³C signal of the PLFA to quantify carbon uptake from black slates and the glucose of the culture medium, respectively.The total carbon loss in these columns exceeded the amount of added carbon by approximately 60%, indicating that black slate carbon has been used. PLFA associated with Gram-positive bacteria dominated the indigenous community and took up 22% of carbon from black slate carbon, whereas PLFA of Gram-negative bacteria used only 8% of carbon from the slates. PLFA of Gram-negative bacteria and fungi were both mostly activated by the glucose addition. The added Schizophyllum did not establish well in the columns and was overgrown by the indigenous microbial community. Our results suggest that especially Gram-positive bacteria are able to live on and degrade black slate material. They also benefit from easy degradable carbon from the nutrient broth. In natural environments priming due to root exudates might consequently enhance weathering.