Effects of fluid displacement pattern on complex electrical impedance in Berea sandstone over frequency range 104–106 Hz

To better understand the effect of fluid distribution on the electric response of rocks saturated with oil and brine, we conducted experimental studies on the complex electrical impedance in a Berea sandstone, together with in situ acquisitions of oil distribution images employing a high‐resolution medical X‐ray computed tomography. We performed two tests of brine displacement by oil under high (10 MPa) and low (5 MPa) pressures, which were accompanied by fingering and stable displacement patterns, respectively. The measured complex impedance data were fitted to the Cole model to obtain the resistance, capacitance, peak frequency of the imaginary impedance, and the exponent α of the rock–fluid system. With increasing oil saturation, the resistance showed an increasing trend, whereas the other three parameters decreased. The fingering displacement exhibited lower resistance and capacitance than the stable displacement. The analysis of the resistance changes using a simple parallel connection model indicates that there are more components of residual brine in parallel connections in the fingering pattern than in the stable displacement pattern at the same saturation. We also interpreted the normalised changes in the capacitance (or apparent dielectric constant) with respect to the oil saturation via an analysis of the shape factor of fluid distribution based on the Maxwell–Wagner–Brugermann–Hanai model. The changes in the shape factor suggest that the pinch‐off of the brine in parallel connection by the oil is a dominant mechanism reducing the capacitance. In the stable displacement, most of the connections in the brine phase are immediately pinched off by oil displacement front at a local oil saturation of 65%. Conversely, in the fingering displacement, there is a transition from the bulk or layered brine to the pinched‐off at a local oil saturation below 60%. The analyses indicate that the difference in the fluid distribution under different fluid conditions is responsible for the non‐Archie behaviour.     

中国大陆背景噪声强度时空分布

使用中国地震台网888个宽频带地震台站2010年1月至2011年6月记录的连续波形垂直向分量, 进行了中国大陆背景噪声强度时空分布研究, 得到了中国大陆周期为10 s的背景噪声强度的时空分布图像。 背景噪声强度的时间分布具有一定的季节性和周期性变化特征, 研究表明2011年1~3月间的背景噪声强度最高。 背景噪声强度空间分布显示, 中国大陆背景噪声强度呈现明显的分区特性, 其分布与地质结构无明显相关性, 表明背景噪声场的强度高于场地效应。 其中, 东南沿海地区的背景噪声强度最大, 向内陆地区逐渐衰减, 至青藏高原地区背景噪声强度减至最小。 这种方向性的强度分布很可能与菲律宾和太平洋的潮汐等因素有关, 受印度洋的影响不大; 而到新疆地区, 背景噪声的强度又有一定程度增加, 表明这一地区的背景噪声主要不是来源于中国东南海域, 而是来自于欧亚大陆内部。 本研究得到的背景噪声强度可以为多个地区的微震强度提供基础数据资料, 也可以为背景噪声互相关的地震学研究提供参考。 更为重要的是, 还可以为基于背景噪声提取面波衰减研究提供基础数据, 进而实现从背景噪声中提取面波衰减。     

基于DEM与GACOS的InSAR同震形变场大气误差校正北大核心CSCD

从全球地震频发地区选取多次地震事件,以精河地震为例研究基于DEM进行大气误差校正时拟合区选取方法;然后分别基于DEM和GACOS数据对同震形变场进行大气相位延迟改正以分析其校正精度及适用性。结果表明,扣除主要同震形变区域后的相位-高程相关系数大于0.4时,必须对获取的形变场进行大气误差校正,校正后噪声可下降约1~4 cm;相关系数为0.4~0.8时,可通过两种方法相互验证以校正精度;相关系数大于0.8时,可以只使用DEM拟合大气误差分布函数进行校正。基于GACOS进行大气误差校正具有普适性,用于大气噪声较为严重且与地形不相关的平原地区可取得较好效果。     

沉积物粒度组分空间预测的神经网络残余kriging方法

针对近海表层沉积物粒度组分空间变异的尺度差异性,提出了基于广义回归神经网络残余kriging的沉积物粒度组分空间预测方法,并以海州湾沉积物粒度数据为基础,分析了其在沉积物粒度组分空间预测和底质类型制图中的应用效果。结果表明,广义回归神经网络残余kriging方法能够获得比普通kriging方法更高的沉积物粒度组分空间预测精度,并且其底质类型的总体空间预测精度达到85%以上,相应的Kappa系数也在0.8以上,显示底质制图的预测类型与样本的实测类型具有较高的一致性。新方法对于开展定量化的沉积物粒度组分空间预测和底质类型制图具有参考价值。     

Experimental study of aeolian sand ripples in a wind tunnel

The topographic parameters and propagation velocity of aeolian sand ripples reflect complex erosion, transport, and deposition processes of sand on the land surface. In this study, three Nikon cameras located in the windward (0–1 m), middle (4.5–5.5 m), and downwind (9–10 m) zones of a 10 m long sand bed are used to continuously record changes in sand ripples. Based on the data extracted from these images, this study reaches the following conclusions. (1) The initial formation and full development times of sand ripples over a flatbed decrease with wind velocity. (2) The wavelengths of full development sand ripples are approximately twice the wavelengths of initially formed sand ripples. Both wavelengths increase linearly with friction velocity. During the developing stage of sand ripples, the wavelength increases linearly with time. (3) The propagation velocity of full development sand ripples is approximately 0.6 times that of the initially formed sand ripples. The propagation velocity of both initial and full development of sand ripples increase as power functions with respect to friction velocity. During the developing stage of sand ripples, the propagation velocity decreases with time following a power law. These results provide new information for understanding the formation and evolution of aeolian sand ripples and help improve numerical simulations. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

填充墙刚度影响的实测高层建筑增量动力分析

高层结构中的填充墙在地震作用下与周围结构构件之间的相互作用十分复杂,对建筑结构的整体抗震性能具有较大影响。然而我国规范在设计阶段通常不考虑填充墙对结构抗震性能的影响,统一采用周期折减系数来考虑其刚度变化引起的内力变化,因此准确评估填充墙对结构抗震性能的影响具有重要意义。本文在对一栋框-剪结构和一栋剪力墙高层建筑进行随机振动测试的基础上,利用Perform-3D对每栋高层分别建立了3种分析模型。其中对未考虑填充墙作用的结构模型,分别采取规范建议值和实测结果值两种方式进行周期折减。对通过添加斜撑单元来考虑填充墙作用的结构模型,利用环境激励测试识别获得的结构模态信息进行模型修正。对该3种模型进行了增量动力分析,探讨潜在危险性水平地震作用下填充墙对高层建筑抗震性能的影响。结果表明,填充墙增加了结构在弹性阶段的整体初始刚度,但随着地震动强度的增加逐渐丧失对结构刚度的贡献作用。相比考虑了填充墙作用的模型计算结果,规范建议的周期折减系数较为保守。同时研究发现,填充墙对高层框-剪结构的影响程度要比剪力墙结构大。     

福建仙游震群序列发震构造分析研究

福建仙游地区自2010年8月开始出现地震序列活动,2012年地震活动水平有所提高,2013年以来地震活动水平进一步提高,ML3.0以上地震集中活跃。福建数字化地震台网对这些地震进行了较完整的监测,记录到丰富的观测资料。通过利用P、S波到时数据对ML≥1.0地震序列进行重新定位,发现地震序列空间位置和震源深度呈现出不同的时段性分布特征。同时利用福建数字化地震台网记录到的波形资料,采用"剪切-粘贴"法,获取了ML≥3.5的震源机制解和最佳震源深度。通过震群序列活动特征、震源位置分布、震源区断层活动分布以及震源机制解特征综合判断认为:仙游震群序列为库水下渗促使断裂滑动引起的构造地震,属于水库诱发型构造型地震,发震构造为穿过库区的NW向石苍断裂。     

Bivariate Gaussian mixture–based equivalent linearization method for stochastic seismic analysis of nonlinear structures

To address challenges in stochastic seismic analysis of nonlinear structures, this paper further develops a recently proposed Gaussian mixture–based equivalent linearization method (GM‐ELM). The GM‐ELM uses a Gaussian mixture distribution model to approximate the probabilistic distribution of a nonlinear system response. Using properties of the Gaussian mixture model, GM‐ELM can decompose the non‐Gaussian response of a nonlinear system into multiple Gaussian responses of linear single–degree of freedom oscillators. With the set of the equivalent linear systems identified by GM‐ELM, response statistics as crossing rate and first‐passage probability can be computed conveniently using theories of linear random vibration analysis. However, the original version of GM‐ELM may lead to an inaccurate estimate because of the heuristic parameters of the linear system introduced to supplement insufficient information. To overcome this limitation and define unique equivalent linear systems, this paper proposes a further developed version of GM‐ELM, which uses a mixture of bivariate Gaussian densities instead of univariate models. Moreover, to facilitate the use of elastic response spectra for estimating the mean peak responses of a nonlinear structure, a new response spectrum combination rule is proposed for GM‐ELM. Two numerical examples of hysteretic structural systems are presented in this paper to illustrate the application of the bivariate GM‐ELM to nonlinear stochastic seismic analysis. The analysis results obtained by the bivariate GM‐ELM are compared with those obtained by the univariate GM‐ELM, the conventional equivalent linearization method, the tail equivalent linearization method, and Monte Carlo simulation. The supporting source code and data are available for download at https://github.com/yisangri/GitHub‐bGM‐ELM‐code.git     

基于LAIC电场渗透和SAMI2模拟的地震-电离层扰动现象研究

地震会造成电离层电子密度扰动。 基于三维电场渗透模型和SAMI2模型, 模拟地震发生前产生的异常电场对电离层电子密度的影响。 模拟结果表明, 地震前形成的附加电流会引起电离层产生异常电场, 且异常电场值与地震震级和地震发生时间有着明显的相关。 同时异常电场会使电子产生E×B漂移, 造成电子密度扰动。 随着时间的推移, 电子密度扰动逐渐减小且扰动区域会向着靠近磁赤道方向或远离磁赤道方向漂移。     

川滇地区壳幔地震各向异性研究进展

根据川滇地区已有的地震各向异性研究结果,利用体波、面波资料的结果,分析川滇地区不同构造尺度、不同深度的地震各向异性特征。对比不同方法研究川滇地区介质各向异性的特点,探讨了该地区的介质连续性及壳幔耦合状态。分析认为,地壳上地幔各向异性的差异表明,川滇地区具有复杂的地壳及上地幔形变机制。因此,对于川滇地区壳幔地震各向异性的深入理解,需在理论上和高密度数据资料基础上加强量化分析和综合研究。