自适应网格技术在数值模式中的应用研究 I.一维问题

利用变分原理的自适应网格技术被应用到三个有解析解的问题上,它能根据问题 的求解、在解的大梯度区自动加密网格,从而非常成功地算出了激波。通过分析发现自适应 网格技术在提高精度、减少运行时间方面显示了优良的性能。     

Vertical distributions of aerosol optical properties during haze and floating dust weather in Shanghai

A comparative study on the vertical distributions of aerosol optical properties during haze and floating dust weather in Shanghai was conducted based on the data obtained from a micro pulse lidar.There was a distinct difference in layer thickness and extinction coefficient under the two types of weather conditions.Aerosols were concentrated below 1 km and the aerosol extinction coefficients ranged from 0.25 to 1.50km^-1 on haze days.In contrast,aerosols with smaller extinction coefficients(0.20 0.35 km^-1) accumulated mainly from the surface to 2 km on floating dust days.The seasonal variations of extinction and aerosol optical depth（AOD） for both haze and floating dust cases were similar greatest in winter,smaller in spring,and smallest in autumn.More than 85%of the aerosols appeared in the atmosphere below 1 km during severe haze and floating dust weather.The diurnal variation of the extinction coefficient of haze exhibited a bimodal shape with two peaks in the morning or at noon,and at nightfall,respectively.The aerosol extinction coefficient gradually increased throughout the day during floating dust weather.Case studies showed that haze aerosols were generated from the surface and then lifted up,but floating dust aerosols were transported vertically from higher altitude to the surface.The AOD during floating dust weather was higher than that during haze.The boundary layer was more stable during haze than during floating dust weather.     

An empirical framework for tropical cyclone climatology

An empirical approach for analyzing tropical cyclone climate is presented. The approach uses lifetime-maximum wind speed and cyclone frequency to induce two orthogonal variables labeled “activity” and “efficiency of intensity”. The paired variations of activity and efficiency of intensity along with the opponent variations of frequency and intensity configure a framework for evaluating tropical cyclone climate. Although cyclone activity as defined in this framework is highly correlated with the commonly used exponent indices like accumulated cyclone energy, it does not contain cyclone duration. Empirical quantiles are used to determine threshold intensity levels, and variant year ranges are used to find consistent trends in tropical cyclone climatology. In the western North Pacific, cyclone activity is decreasing despite increases in lifetime-maximum intensity. This is due to overwhelming decreases in cyclone frequency. These changes are also explained by an increasing efficiency of intensity. The North Atlantic shows different behavior. Cyclone activity is increasing due to increasing frequency and, to a lesser extent, increasing intensity. These changes are also explained by a decreasing efficiency of intensity. Tropical cyclone trends over the North Atlantic basin are more consistent over different year ranges than tropical cyclone trends over the western North Pacific.     

地面气象站环境变化对气温序列均一性影响

为研究浙江省地面气象站环境变化对气温序列均一性的影响程度,采用测站历史沿革资料,对全省测站环境的时空演变进行了分析。采用距平累加、偏差界限值、F值检验法,对36个代表站的年平均气温序列进行均一性检验,并对非均一性产生的原因进行分析。结果表明:1971~2004年,浙江省测站的地理环境有显著改变;36站中有39%的测站为非均一性,产生非均一性的测站中,迁站原因占57%,环境恶化占36%;测站迁站引起的非均一性多发生在1980年以后;测站迁站时,新旧站址海拔高度差大且地理环境差异显著是造成气温序列非均一性的主要原因,迁站后气温序列较旧址存在偏高或偏低现象,其值对累年平均值有影响。指出了测站在迁移或环境变化过程中应注意的事项,以助于减少气温序列非均一性。     

NCEP/NCAR再分析资料在纳木错流域湖泊/冰川区适用性分析

利用中国科学院青藏高原研究所纳木错多圈层综合观测研究站在念青唐古拉峰扎当冰川垭口(30.47°N、90.65°E,5800m)和纳木错站(30.77°N、90.99°E,4730m)的逐日平均气温、相对湿度、气压等资料,与同期NCEP/NCAR再分析资料进行了对比分析,讨论了再分析资料在纳木错流域湖泊/冰川区气候变化研究中的适用性.结果表明:扎当冰川垭口和纳木错站气压再分析资料的可信度好于气温,相对湿度稍差:扎当冰川垭口气压和相对湿度再分析值与实测值的差值在冬季偏大,夏季偏小,气温则相反.在研究期间,总体上再分析资料在冰川区的可信度好于湖泊区,再分析资料能很好地反映该地区地面气压、气温和相对湿度的日变化特征,在应用到该地区气候变化的研究时应考虑地形的影响.     

湖滨带芦苇恢复过程中沉积物氮赋存形态及含量变化:以巢湖为例

水生植被对于维持水生态系统结构和功能稳定性具有举足轻重的作用,而重建水生植物被认为是污染湖泊生态修复的重要手段.氮素是水生态系统重要的限制性元素之一,根着挺水植物生长发育无疑将深刻地影响着沉积物氮的迁移转化过程,但水生植物不同生长阶段对沉积物氮的需求和植物代谢强度均不同,目前对挺水植物完整生长过程中沉积物氮组分及含量变化认识仍十分不足.本研究通过为期120d的沉积物柱芯培养和水槽模拟试验,探究巢湖芦苇恢复完整生长过程中沉积物总氮(TN)、无机氮(TIN)与可转化态氮(TF-N)的变化及其关键调控因子.结果表明,芦苇完整生长过程将持续激发沉积物氮活性,沉积物TIN与TF-N含量逐渐增加,而沉积物TN和非可转化态氮(NTF-N)含量显著降低.模拟试验期间,指数型增长的芦苇生物量提高了沉积物铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)和硝态氮(NO_3~--N)含量,但亚硝态氮(NO_2~--N)含量却逐渐降低;与第0天相比,第120天沉积物离子交换态氮(IEF-N)、碳酸盐结合态氮(CF-N)、铁锰氧化态氮(IMOF-N)和有机态及硫化物结合态氮(OSF-N)含量分别增加了 1.10、3.40、3.60和1.40倍,这主要受芦苇吸收利用、根系代谢强化根际沉积物氧化还原电势和改变pH微环境共同驱动.在第120天,沉积物NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N含量急剧升高,分别是第90天的9.43和2.22倍,表明芦苇衰亡凋落过程将向沉积物释放大量的TIN,故需要综合采取湖泊物理—生态工程手段来有效管控芦苇枯落物,从而提升水生植被修复效果并构建长效稳态机制.     

SD模型在洱海流域营养物削减策略研究中的应用

针对洱海富营养化问题,本文在深入分析洱海流域营养物输运转移特征的基础上,应用VENSIM-DSS构建了洱海流域的社会、经济、技术、环境SD耦合模型.模型由7个子系统组成,确定了一套适用于洱海流域的耦合模型特征参数.对入湖TN、TP进行追根溯源,模拟结果表明洱海流域入湖TN主要来源于种植业子系统、畜牧业子系统、生活污水子系统和干湿沉降子系统,以上4大子系统占入湖TN的88%;入湖TP主要来源于种植业子系统、畜牧业子系统、生活污水子系统和水土流失子系统,以上4大子系统占入湖TP的89%.以此为基础通过设置4种不同的营养物削减情景,模拟未来10年入湖TN、TP的变化,并通过构建的政策评价子系统和DILLON模型定量评价不同削减方案的可行性,提出最优洱海流域营养物削减方案.     

From brightening to dimming in sunshine duration over the eastern and central Tibetan Plateau (1961–2005)

The Tibetan Plateau (TP) with an average elevation of over 4,000 m asl is the highest and most extensive highland in the world. We used monthly mean sunshine duration from the Chinese Meteorological Administration to examine the spatial and temporal variability of sunshine duration at 71 stations with elevations above 2,000 m asl in the eastern and central TP during the 1961–2005 period. The temporal evolution of the mean annual sunshine duration series shows a significant increase from 1961 to 1982 at a rate of 49.8 h/decade, followed by a decrease from 1983 to 2005 at a rate of ?65.1 h/decade, with an overall significant decrease at a rate of ?20.6 h/decade during the whole 1961–2005 period, which is mainly due to the summer and spring seasons. This confirms the evidence that sunshine duration in the TP ranges from brightening to dimming in accordance with sunshine duration trends in the rest of China. The surface solar radiation downwards from ERA-40 reanalysis data in the same region confirms the brightening/dimming phenomenon shown by the sunshine duration before/after the 1980s. Otherwise, additional climatic variables such as low cloud amount, total cloud amount, precipitation, relative humidity and water vapor pressure, in most cases, exhibit significant negative correlation with sunshine duration in the TP on an annual and seasonal basis before and after 1982, respectively. The trends of these variables suggest that changes in some of them might be related to the brightening and dimming detected with the use of sunshine duration measurements over the TP. We also hypothesize that the impact of anthropogenic aerosols upon the climatic variables analyzed cannot be rejected, especially in the significant increase in low cloud cover since approximately 1980.     

1948年川西理塘M7.3地震地表破裂特征及Riedel剪切构造分析

1948年川西理塘M 7.3地震是川滇菱形块体内部近一个世纪以来发生的震级最大的走滑型地震。在对此次同震地表破裂进行详细调查基础上,利用差分GPS对同震地表破裂带进行了精确测量与统计分析。结果揭示该地表破裂的现存长度为36 km,北端始于无量河以北,往东南沿藏坝盆地北东缘、德巫盆地东南缘,延伸至德巫乡北,分为南、北两段,而在交德附近存在约3 km长的地表破裂空区。对同震地表破裂的线密度和同震水平位错量进行分段统计后揭示,此次地震的宏观震中应位于德巫盆地中部交德东南约4～5 km处。对理塘同震地表破裂的Riedel剪切分析结果指示,该破裂带主要由R剪切组成,以发育雁列状排列的挤压鼓包(Push-up)为主要特征,伴有少量R′剪切与T裂缝,缺少P型与X型剪切。其中R剪切占95%以上,其在藏坝段(北段)的优势方向为318°,德巫段(南段)为315°,整条地表破裂带的R剪切平均方向为316°。同时发现,此次地震形成的雁列状挤压鼓包主要以平缓的"弧形"为主,这与1981年道孚M_S 6.9地震和2010年玉树M_S 7.1地震地表破裂带中出现大量反"S"形...     

Experimental investigation of hydrate formation in water-dominated pipeline and its influential factors

Blockage in water-dominated flow pipelines due to hydrate reformation has been suggested as a potential safety issue during the hydrate production. In this work, flow velocity-dependent hydrate formation features are investigated in a fluid circulation system with a total length of 39 m. A 9-m section pipe is transparent consisted of two complete rectangular loops. By means of pressurization with gas-saturated water, the system can gradually reach the equilibrium conditions. The result shows tha...