不同区域原状黄土颗粒和孔隙特征分析

研究不同区域黄土颗粒和孔隙大小、形状和排列的定量差异,针对甘肃兰州、陕西西安和山西运城的原状黄土的电镜照片进行定量分析。首先应用Autocad描绘获得颗粒和孔隙的边界,拉开各对象后填充,然后导入到图像分析软件中获得各对象的长轴,短轴、周长、面积和长轴方向角;其次应用得到的参数计算反映对象大小、形状和定向排列的定量参数;最后比较不同区域原状黄土中颗粒和孔隙的定量参数差异。结果表明:甘肃兰州黄土颗粒的平均直径最大,形状最偏离圆形,三个区域颗粒排布在空间分布均匀;甘肃兰州黄土的孔隙平均直径与陕西西安的接近,形状更偏离圆形;颗粒的平均直径接近于孔隙的平均直径,颗粒形状更接近于圆形。     

区域断裂对韩国东南部地区现今应力状态的影响

利用朝鲜半岛东南部地区浅层地应力数据,给出区域现今应力状态的分布特征及其与断层分布的关系.地应力数据表明,区域最大主压应力呈ENE-WSW到NE-SW向,这与地震震源机制解及欧亚板块东部构造应力方向的一阶模式一致.或许是受到断层的影响,现今应力张量在大小和方向上表现出不均匀性.区域水平主应力变化较为一致,而垂向则变化较...     

中美建筑抗震设计规范中工程场地类别的对比和换算关系

本文依据分布于全国的6 824个钻孔数据,按照双参数的不同取值,将GB50011—2010《建筑抗震设计规范》（以下简称中国建抗规）的场地类别进一步划分为更加同质的子类,分析了双参数体系对场地分类结果的影响,建立了每个子类与美国《NEHRP对新建建筑和结构物的推荐地震条款》（National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for New Buildings and Other Structures,以下简称美国建抗规）的场地类别的对应关系,并对比分析中、美建抗规的场地类别差异,在此基础上建立了中国建抗规与美国建抗规场地类别相互转换的概率表达。研究结果表明:用v_S20近似表示中国场地分类标准的等效剪切波速并不可靠;中国建抗规中Ⅱ类场地和Ⅲ类场地内部不同子类与美国建抗规中场地类别的对应关系截然不同;中国建抗规中覆盖层厚度有效地区分了浅部波速类似而深部波速不同的场地;中国建抗规的Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类场地主体均对应美国建抗规的D类场地,中国Ⅱ类场地略偏对应美国C类场地,中国Ⅲ类场地略偏对应美国E类场地;中国Ⅳ类场地对应美国E类场地,绝大多数美国C类和D类场地均对应中国Ⅱ类场地,说明中国Ⅱ类场地的范围极宽。      

中国防洪若干重大问题的思考

为配合中国水利部组织编制全国主要江河防洪规划工作,对与编制防洪规划有关的若干重大问题进行了研究。提出用20世纪发生过的大洪水淹没范围作为界定防洪区的基础;风险管理最重要的是规避风险和应对风险,而规避风险的核心是约束人类不合理的经济社会活动,降低洪水灾害造成的风险;当防洪区受到两种洪水风险威胁时,应当采用二维概率分布核查防洪区的标准;合理提高城市防洪标准,是城市防洪的首要任务;要协调城市防洪与城市建设的关系,充分发挥城市拦蓄雨洪的作用(如保留必要的水面率、雨水利用等),蓄排兼顾,而不宜过分强调城市排水;建议根据淹没水深、淹没历时和洪水频率组成的洪水风险度因子划分蓄滞洪区风险区,并结合蓄滞洪区自然地理条件比选安全建设模式。     

内蒙古东部开鲁盆地钱家店凹陷铀矿成藏沉积因素分析

内蒙古东部开鲁盆地钱家店凹陷铀矿床是辽河油田在进行外围盆地油气勘探过程中发现的伴生矿床。铀矿类型为层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿床。对该区铀矿成藏条件进行研究表明：首先,具备富铀物源,铀源充足;上白垩统姚家组广泛发育的辫状河流相沉积体系,形成了渗透性砂岩、砂砾岩与隔水性泥岩稳定的互层结构,铀矿主要分布在其中的中孔、中渗砂体中;下白垩统的生、储油层,为铀矿形成提供了丰富的还原剂;产状平缓的沉积构造背景下形成的边缘相对隆起的自流汇水盆地,易使含氧含铀地下水沿砂体、不整合面向盆地内有利区补给,在氧化-还原界面附近铀沉淀成矿,为铀矿创造了进一步富集成藏的条件;预测该区铀矿资源为x×104t。     

煤的显微煤岩学特征与焦炭强度的关系

摘 要　 为探讨煤的煤岩学特征与焦炭强度之间的关系‚对北京焦化厂所用华北地区26个矿 点的原料煤的煤岩学特征进行了研究‚并对10kg 小焦炉焦炭的强度进行了测定。通过对 M 40 ≥80％矿点煤的统计分析‚表明活性成分含量的最佳范围是63∙40％～69∙40％‚镜质组 平均反射率基本处于1∙12％～1∙36％之间。镜质组反射率分布图谱不仅可以直观地反映活性 成分的大致分布状况‚而且也可以反映原料煤的混合程度。     

远离绿洲的沙漠近地面观测实验

通过比较远离经录洲沙漠区与临近绿洲沙漠区近地面的观测资料，发现临近绿洲沙漠区的逆湿现象主要是受到绿洲干扰的影响，沙漠地区地气之间能量交换主要由感热控制，潜热能量可以忽略不计，两个沙漠地区感热通量基本相当。ＨＥＩＦＥ中沙漠或戈壁观测到的能量收支过程基本上能够代表干旱地区的特征。     

Acidity of Aerosols during Winter Heavy Haze Events in Beijing and Gucheng,China

We investigated the acidity and concentrations of water-soluble ions in PM_2.5 aerosol samples collected from an urban site in Beijing and a rural site in Gucheng, Hebei Province from November 2016 to January 2017 to gain an insight into the formation of secondary inorganic species. The average SO₄^2–, NO₃^–, and NH₄⁺ concentrations were 8.3, 12.5, and 14.1 μg m^–3, respectively, at the urban site and 14.0, 14.2, and 24.2 μg m^–3, respectively, at the rural site. The nitrogen and sulfur oxidation ratios in urban Beijing were correlated with relative humidity (with correlation coefficient r = 0.79 and 0.67, respectively) and the aerosol loadings. Based on a parameterization model, we found that the rate constant of the heterogeneous reactions for SO₂ on polluted days was about 10 times higher than that on clear days, suggesting that the heterogeneous reactions in the aerosol water played an essential role in haze events. The ISORROPIA II model was used to predict the aerosol pH, which had a mean (range) of 5.0 (4.9–5.2) and 5.3 (4.6–6.3) at the urban and rural site, respectively. Under the conditions with this predicted pH value, oxidation by dissolved NO₂ and the hydrolysis of N₂O₅ may be the major heterogeneous reactions forming SO₄^2– and NO₃^– in haze. We also analyzed the sensitivity of the aerosol pH to changes in the concentrations of SO₄^2–, NO₃^–, and NH₄⁺ under haze conditions. The aerosol pH was more sensitive to the SO₄^2– and NH₄⁺ concentrations with opposing trends, than to the NO₃^– concentrations. The sensitivity of the pH was relatively weak overall, which was attributed to the buffering effect of NH₃ partitioning.     

Projections of high resolution climate changes for South Korea using multiple-regional climate models based on four RCP scenarios. Part 1: surface air temperature

We projected surface air temperature changes over South Korea during the mid (2026-2050) and late (2076-2100) 21st century against the current climate (1981-2005) using the simulation results from five regional climate models (RCMs) driven by Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model, version 2, coupled with the Atmosphere- Ocean (HadGEM2-AO), and two ensemble methods (equal weighted averaging, weighted averaging based on Taylor’s skill score) under four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) scenarios. In general, the five RCM ensembles captured the spatial and seasonal variations, and probability distribution of temperature over South Korea reasonably compared to observation. They particularly showed a good performance in simulating annual temperature range compared to HadGEM2-AO. In future simulation, the temperature over South Korea will increase significantly for all scenarios and seasons. Stronger warming trends are projected in the late 21st century than in the mid-21st century, in particular under RCP8.5. The five RCM ensembles projected that temperature changes for the mid/late 21st century relative to the current climate are +1.54°C/+1.92°C for RCP2.6, +1.68°C/+2.91°C for RCP4.5, +1.17°C/+3.11°C for RCP6.0, and +1.75°C/+4.73°C for RCP8.5. Compared to the temperature projection of HadGEM2-AO, the five RCM ensembles projected smaller increases in temperature for all RCP scenarios and seasons. The inter-RCM spread is proportional to the simulation period (i.e., larger in the late-21st than mid-21st century) and significantly greater (about four times) in winter than summer for all RCP scenarios. Therefore, the modeled predictions of temperature increases during the late 21st century, particularly for winter temperatures, should be used with caution.     

Real Data Assimilation Using the Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter (LETKF) System for a Global Non-hydrostatic NWP model on the Cubed-sphere

An ensemble data assimilation system using the 4-dimensional Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter is implemented to a global non-hydrostatic Numerical Weather Prediction model on the cubed-sphere. The ensemble data assimilation system is coupled to the Korea Institute of Atmospheric Prediction Systems Package for Observation Processing, for real observation data from diverse resources, including satellites. For computational efficiency in a parallel computing environment, we employ some advanced software engineering techniques in the handling of a large number of files. The ensemble data assimilation system is tested in a semi-operational mode, and its performance is verified using the Integrated Forecast System analysis from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. It is found that the system can be stabilized effectively by additive inflation to account for sampling errors, especially when radiance satellite data are additionally used.