青藏高原河流网络高分CubeSat遥感监测

河流网络是地表水循环的重要组成部分,如何实现河流网络动态监测已成为河流遥感研究的热点。近年来,以PlanetScope为代表的CubeSat小卫星已具备了米级空间分辨率、1 d重访周期的优势,这为河流网络高时空分辨率动态监测提供了可能。本文以青藏高原长江源区的通天河流域（227 km²）为研究区,选取2017-05—2017-10 5期3 m空间分辨率CubeSat遥感影像,增强河流横纵剖面特征自动化提取了河流网络,研究了通天河流域河流网络动态变化,对比分析了3 m CubeSat与30 m Landsat 8、10 m Sentinel-2所提取的河流网络,以及5种现有水体数据集（GRWL,GSW,FROM-GLC 2017,OpenStreetMap,HydroSHEDS）。研究结果表明：（1）研究区内河流网络5月水系密度较低（0.38 km^-1）,7—8月河流网络进入丰水期,水系密度显著增加至0.61 km^-1,9月河流网络进入平水期,水系密度趋于平稳（0.53 km^-1）,随后迅速退化并于10月开始冻结,水系密度迅速降低至0.37 km^-1;（2）采用高空间分辨率CubeSat所提取的河流网络能够识别更多细小河流（河宽3—30 m）,CubeSat所提取的河流总长分别为Landsat 8、Sentinel-2所提取河流总长的1.6倍和1.3倍;（3）CubeSat所提取的河流网络水系密度高于现有水体数据集（2.9—12.4倍）,弥补了现有水体数据集无法反映细小河流的不足。     

地形抹平与半经验模型的Landsat TM/ETM+地形校正方法

地形校正可以减小地形起伏对地物光谱的影响,提高计算机分类在山区的精度。设计了针对全球土地覆盖分类的Landsat TM/ETM+数据地形校正方法 SCOS(Smoothed COS余弦),首先对地形的坡度角进行抹平处理,很大程度上削弱了地表非朗伯性对地形校正的影响,然后利用简单有效的余弦校正去除地形效应。该方法与其他常用地形校正算法的对比分析是通过对全球不同区域、不同地表覆盖的有代表性的6景Landsat TM/ETM+数据的试验,采用统计分析与目视判读的方式,从过度校正和类内均一性两个方面进行的。结果表明,该方法在目视效果和统计结果上优于常规方法,并且更加简单有效,无需复杂的大气参数及传感器参数,满足全球地表覆盖分类对地形校正的需求。     

A modified Raupach's model applicable for shear-stress partitioning on surfaces covered with dense and flat-shaped gravel roughness elements

A commonly used measure to prevent soil wind erosion is to cover the surface with gravel. Gravel can inhibit soil erosion by covering the surface directly, changing the airflow field near the surface and sharing the shear stress of wind. Similar to other roughness elements, the protective effect of gravel on soil is usually expressed in terms of the ratio of the shear stress on the exposed soil surface to the total shear stress on the rough surface due to wind, i.e. through a shear-stress partitioning model. However, the existing shear-stress partitioning models, represented by Raupach's model (RM93), are only applicable when the lateral coverage of the roughness elements, λ < 0.10, and the applicability of the models to flat-shaped roughness elements is unclear. The purpose of this study is to verify the applicability of RM93 for dense and flat-shaped gravel roughness elements by using shear-stress data from wind-tunnel measurements pertaining to roughness elements with different densities (0.013 ≤ λ ≤ 0.318) and flat shapes (height-to-width ratios in the range 0.20 ≤ H/W ≤ 0.63), and to modify RM93 to enhance its predictive ability. The results indicate that RM93 cannot accurately predict the shear-stress partitioning for surfaces covered by densely distributed and flat-shaped gravel roughness elements. This phenomenon occurs because, when roughness elements are distributed densely or are flat-shaped, the proportion of the shear stress on the top surface of the roughness elements (τ_c) to the total shear stress (τ) is large; in this case, τ_c plays a dominant role and serves as an essential component in the shear-stress partitioning model. Consequently, RM93 is modified by incorporating τ_c into the calculation of τ. Under conditions of λ < 0.32 and H/W > 0.2, the modified RM93 can yield satisfactory predictions regarding the shear-stress partitioning.     

2021年3—5月全球火山活动简报

正1)吉林省地震局,长春1301172)中国地震局火山研究所,长春130117     

AzTEC millimetre survey of the COSMOS field – I. Data reduction and source catalogue

We present a 1.1 mm wavelength imaging survey covering 0.3 deg² in the COSMOS field. These data, obtained with the AzTEC continuum camera on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope, were centred on a prominent large-scale structure overdensity which includes a rich X-ray cluster at z ≈ 0.73. A total of 50 mm-galaxy candidates, with a significance ranging from 3.5 to 8.5σ, are extracted from the central 0.15 deg² area which has a uniform sensitivity of ∼1.3 mJy beam⁻¹. 16 sources are detected with S/N ≥ 4.5, where the expected false-detection rate is zero, of which a surprisingly large number (9) have intrinsic (deboosted) fluxes ≥5 mJy at 1.1 mm. Assuming the emission is dominated by radiation from dust, heated by a massive population of young, optically obscured stars, then these bright AzTEC sources have far-infrared luminosities  >6 × 10¹² L_⊙  and star formation rates  >1100 M_⊙ yr⁻¹  . Two of these nine bright AzTEC sources are found towards the extreme peripheral region of the X-ray cluster, whilst the remainder are distributed across the larger scale overdensity. We describe the AzTEC data reduction pipeline, the source-extraction algorithm, and the characterization of the source catalogue, including the completeness, flux deboosting correction, false-detection rate and the source positional uncertainty, through an extensive set of Monte Carlo simulations. We conclude with a preliminary comparison, via a stacked analysis, of the overlapping MIPS 24-μm data and radio data with this AzTEC map of the COSMOS field.     

Monitoring and analysis of geological hazards in Three Gorges area based on load impact change

Natural Hazards - Geological hazard monitoring is essential to the prevention and control of geological hazards, yet conventional monitoring is often conducted for local geological hazards, and the...     

基于正演模拟的复合曲流带砂体内部构型解剖研究及应用

Q油田是渤海大型河流相沉积的稠油油田,其北区NmⅣ1主力含油砂体为复合曲流带沉积,经过16年的注水开发,油水关系复杂,平面注水受效不均的问题日益严重,如何优化注釆结构来改善开发效果已成为急需解决的问题。优化现有注釆井网的关键是认识复合曲流带砂体内部不同单河道砂体的切叠关系及展布特征,即对目标砂体开展内部不同单河道的构型单元分布特征研究。首先,依据岩电标定的测井曲线特征、局部发育的薄夹层以及曲流河纵向下切模式,对复合砂体内部不同单河道砂进行划分与对比;然后基于单井沉积微相划分结果,开展井间剖面相对比分析,表明复合砂体内部存在5种不同单河道砂体切叠模式;建立5种正演概念模型,利用地震正演模拟合成地震记录,总结了不同单河道砂体间顶面高程差异、点坝边界、废弃河道等曲流河砂体构型边界的波形特征;利用地震属性提取及多种地质构型方法,综合分析,最终实现了海上大井距条件下复合曲流带砂体内部不同单一曲流河砂体构型边界的精细识别;最后由注采动态资料的响应关系评估不同的切叠模式对注水效果的侧向遮挡程度,并以此为依据,优化现有的注釆井网并取得了非常好的生产效果。     

开合旋构造体系及其形成机制探讨:兼论板块构造的动力学机制

开合构造总体上可以表述为:地球膨胀为开,收缩为合;垂向上地球物质离心(地心)运动为开,向心运动为合;水平方向上地球物质相背运动为开,相向运动为合。从驱动机制角度,我们把以热力(热能)为主体驱动的上浮物质运动定义为开;将重力(势能)为主体驱动的下沉物质运动定义为合。因此,开与合是一个高度综合的概念,具有广阔的内涵,开合运动是联系一切地质运动和地质科学的纽带。开合运动具有同步统一性,即垂向的开在水平方向也表现为开;垂向开得强烈,水平方向同样开得强烈,反之亦然。地球刚形成时诸多开合构造是无序的,地球的旋转运动统领地球上所有物质、能量、运动和大大小小的各种开合构造于旋转运动中,并将它们调剂到有序状态。简言之开合构造体系是开合旋运动长期作用下形成的不同时期、不同层次、不同级别的开合旋回组成的动态平衡构造体系。本文总结了地球开合旋构造体系物质组成、结构构造特征和规律,建立了开合旋复杂构造体系简要模型。提出平衡体系的形成机制是开合旋运动遵循地球重力均衡准则、最小内能原理(结晶化)、几何淘汰生长(垂直地心生长)和物质均匀化四条自然演化规律,其中重力均衡准则是主导的。由于地质事件(构造运动)在破坏开合旋平衡体系的同时,经常直接或间接向体系内输入新能量,往往使新的旋回比老旋回的结构构造更符合地质演化的自然规律,于是使地球显得更强大而有活力。这一次又一次的地质事件(构造运动)是开合旋构造体系螺旋式向前发展的动因。本文最后用开合构造观点探讨了地球的形成和演化,分析了板块构造运动的动力学过程。     

帕米尔弧形构造带的构造过程与地貌特征

帕米尔弧形构造带是印度-欧亚板块碰撞变形最强烈的地区之一,是研究构造过程、地貌演化以及气候变化及其相互作用的理想场所。本文基于前人的研究成果,对帕米尔弧形构造带新生代构造单元、地貌特征和动力学演化模型进行了总结归纳,包括:主要构造单元的活动起止时间、活动量及活动速率;帕米尔弧形构造带现今的地貌特征(水系和冰川的分布);帕米尔弧形构造带6种主要的地球动力学演化模型的主要样式、优点及限制。论文提出了帕米尔弧形构造带晚新生代构造研究的三个重要的科学问题:精细厘定构造带内部的不同断裂带运动学特征和相互关系;深部地质过程与浅部响应相结合,探讨构造带形成的深部地质过程控制;将构造过程、气候特征与地貌演化作为一个耦合系统开展研究。     

基于核酸适配体功能化石墨纳米颗粒荧光探针的17β-雌二醇快速检测方法

为构建一种能够简单、快速、特异性检测复杂环境水体中雌激素污染的方法,利用石墨纳米颗粒作为荧光淬灭剂、核酸适配体作为识别元素、1-芘丁酸N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺酯作为异型双功能交联剂,构建了一种新型纳米荧光探针;并探究了构建荧光探针时核酸适配体初始投加量和荧光探针投加量对雌二醇检测的影响及最佳实验条件下检测雌二醇的效果和特异性。实验结果表明：核酸适配体能成功修饰在石墨纳米颗粒表面形成的稳定荧光探针;构建荧光探针时核酸适配体的最佳初始投加量为1.0 μmol/L;检测雌二醇时,荧光探针的最佳投加量为4 μg/mL;最佳实验条件下,相对荧光强度与雌二醇的质量浓度在50~800 ng/mL范围内成正比,最低检测限为34.5 ng/mL,且该荧光探针能实现对雌二醇的简单、快速、特异性检测。