土地利用和水环境因子对大型底栖动物次级生产力的影响:以东北地区连环湖为例

土地利用和水环境因子是影响湖泊生态系统的关键因素,探究大型底栖动物次级生产力受环境因子的作用机制,可揭示底栖动物栖息地的生态系统与外源环境的关系。为了解土地利用和水环境因子对大型底栖动物次级生产力的影响,2020年对连环湖13个主要湖泊的土地利用类型及6、8和10月的大型底栖动物、水环境因子进行调查,共采集到大型底栖动物75种,隶属于3门32科56属,其中优势种属及重要种属以摇蚊幼虫和腹足纲为主,前突摇蚊(Procladius sp.)为第一优势种。主成分分析表明,土地利用及水环境因子具备明显的时空梯度,而大型底栖动物次级生产力也存在明显的时空变化。春季、夏季、秋季次级生产力和P/B值分别为5.65、6.06、4.31 g/(m²·a)和2.74、2.55、2.40 a^-1,其中春季次级生产力集中于东北部湖区,龙虎泡集中于湖心区;夏季次级生产力逐渐向各湖区扩散,龙虎泡整体偏低;秋季次级生产力集中于西北部及东南部湖区,龙虎泡集中于东北部湖区。P/B值随季节的推移呈现由东部湖区向西部湖区逐渐递增的趋势,而龙虎泡始终集中于南部湖区。次级生产力和P/B值的结构分析表明,春季次级生产力主要由腹足纲构成,进入夏、秋季后以双壳纲对次级生产力的贡献最高。其中腹足纲、双壳纲、摇蚊幼虫和寡毛纲次级生产力主要集中于北部湖区、东南部湖区、中部湖区和龙虎泡,而甲壳纲仅出现于阿木塔泡。寡毛纲和双壳纲P/B 值随季节的推移逐渐降低,摇蚊幼虫和腹足纲P/B 值呈先升后降的趋势。通径分析表明,pH、人造地表和叶绿素a是影响年均大型底栖动物次级生产力的关键环境因子。典范对应分析表明,总磷和电导率是影响不同季节大型底栖动物次级生产力的重要环境变量。耕地、人造地表与总磷、电导率和悬浮物呈显著正相关,农业生产和城镇建设的增加是连环湖呈富营养化状态的重要原因,且此现象已对大型底栖动物次级生产力形成威胁。未来应通过控制农业面源污染、秸秆腐熟还田、鼓励粪便施肥、科学规划用地等措施改善连环湖流域的生态环境,以促进大型底栖动物资源合理的开发利用。     

川西北地区中三叠统顶部溶蚀型喀斯特特征及地质意义*

中三叠统顶部溶蚀型喀斯特在什邡金河剖面及四川盆地大部分地区已有报道。在近期的野外工作中,在川西北地区绵竹汉旺观音崖、江油黄莲桥和江油马鞍塘剖面天井山组近顶部、顶部也识别出这一古特提斯面,其形成与强烈的构造活动或全球海平面下降造成的岩层长时间的暴露有关。其表现形式主要为: (1)暴露溶蚀间断沉积面;(2)溶沟、溶缝及其内的碳酸盐、陆源碎屑充填物;(3)暴露期黏土层;(4)喀斯特角砾。其中暴露溶蚀间断沉积面上的沉积构造以鸟眼、层状孔洞构造最为典型,在绵竹汉旺观音崖剖面最为发育,孔、洞充填物主要为亮晶方解石和白云石;溶沟、溶缝及其内的碳酸盐、陆源碎屑充填物在江油马鞍塘、汉旺观音崖、什邡金河等剖面均有发育,这些溶缝、溶沟一般近于竖直发育,宽度及深度不一,被碳酸盐角砾、亮晶方解石、白云石或陆源黏土等所充填;暴露期黏土层主要见于江油黄莲桥剖面,共发育2套,厚5~20 cm,与铁质矿物共生,其上下发育深灰色潟湖沉积;喀斯特角砾主要见于汉旺观音崖剖面,喀斯特角砾最大可达15×20 cm大小,呈棱角状充填于富含泥质和有机质的暗色碳酸盐基质中。天井山组近顶部溶蚀型喀斯特的发现可为区域地层等时对比提供依据,与其有关的古岩溶作用可在天井山组(或雷口坡组)顶部碳酸盐岩中形成以溶蚀孔、洞、缝为主要储集空间的古岩溶型储集层。     

基于223Ra和224Ra的桑沟湾海底地下水排放通量

海底地下水排放（SGD）是陆地向海洋输送水量和营养物质的重要通道之一,对沿海物质通量及其生物地球化学循环有重要的影响,对生态环境起着不可忽视的作用。本文运用天然放射性同位素223Ra和224Ra示踪估算了我国北方典型养殖基地桑沟湾的海底地下水排放通量。结果表明,海底地下水样尤其是间隙水中Ra活度[224Ra=（968±31）dpm/（100 L）,223Ra=（31.4±4.9）dpm/（100 L）,n=9]远高于表层海水[224Ra=（38.7±2.0）dpm/（100 L）,223Ra=（1.70±0.50）dpm/（100 L）, n=21]。假设稳态条件下,考虑Ra的各源、汇项,利用Ra平衡模型,估算出桑沟湾SGD排放通量为（0.23~1.03）×107 m3/d。潮周期内的观测结果显示,涨潮时,水力梯度较小,SGD排放变弱,落潮时,水力梯度较大,导致了相对较多的SGD排放。在一个潮周期间,基于223Ra和224Ra得到的SGD排放通量平均为0.39×107 m3/d。潮汐动力下的SGD排放平均占总SGD排放的61%,因此桑沟湾沿岸的地下水排放主要受潮汐动力的影响,并对海水组成及海陆间物质交换有显著贡献。     

Succession and seasonal variation in epilithic biofilms on artificial reefs in culture waters of the sea cucumber <Emphasis Type="Italic">Apostichopus japonicus</Emphasis>

Periphytic biofilms in aquaculture waters are thought to improve water quality, provide an additional food source, and improve the survival and growth of some reared animals. In the Asia- Pacific region, particularly in China, artificial reefs are commonly used in the commercial farming of sea cucumbers. However, few studies have examined the epilithic biofilms on the artificial reefs. To gain a better understanding of the succession of epilithic biofilms and their ecological processes in sea cucumber culture waters, two experiments were conducted in culture waters of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus in Rongcheng, China, using artificial test panels. On the test panels of succession experiment, more than 67 species were identified in the biofilms. On the test panels of seasonal variation experiment, more than 46 species were recorded in the biofilms. In both experiments, communities of epilithic biofilms were dominated by diatoms, green algae and the annelid Spirorbis sp. In the initial colonization, the dominant diatoms were Cocconeis sp., Amphora spp. and Nitzschia closterium in June, which were succeeded by species of Navicula, Cocconeis and Nitzschia (July to September), and then by Licmophora abbreviata, Nitzschia closterium and Synedra spp. in the following months. A diatom bloom in the autumn and filamentous green algae burst in the summer were also observed. Ecological indices well annotated the succession and seasonal changes in epilithic communities. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis found significant differences in diatom community composition among months and seasons. Fast growth of biofilms was observed in the summer and autumn, whereas the biomass of summer biofilms was largely made up of filamentous green algae. Present results show that the components of epilithic biofilms are mostly optimal foods of A. japonicus, suggesting that biofilms on artificial reefs may contribute important nutritional sources for sea cucumbers during their growth seasons. Future works should include quantitative determination of the contribution of epilithic biofilms to the diet of A. japonicus, potential roles of epilithic biofilms in regulating the water quality of sea cucumber ponds, and the regulation of epilithic biofilms in sea cucumber culture ponds.     

鄂尔多斯盆地东南部上古生界层序地层格架及含气砂体沉积演化特征*

鄂尔多斯盆地长期存在“南油北气”的固有认识,晚古生代早期砂体不发育与分布规律不清的认识,长期制约了盆地东南部天然气勘探开发的步伐。因此,加强盆地东南部上古生界煤系含气地层地质方面的研究、尤其是层序地层与储集砂体成因研究,对进一步增储上产具有重要理论与实践意义。作者采用Vail经典层序地层理论与方法,对鄂尔多斯盆地东南部上古生界进行层序地层研究: 首先对层序界面进行识别,以岩性、旋回和沉积特征变化作为识别依据,并提出二级层序界面上下岩性组合变化巨大、二级界面之上叠置的低位砂厚度巨大的观点,共将本溪组—石盒子组划分为3个二级层序,11个三级层序;其次根据层序内部砂体堆积、迁移样式对体系域进行了划分。通过大量钻井的层序单元追踪对比与岩心精细描述,重点分析层序格架内主要含气层段本溪组、山西组及盒8段储集砂体的空间叠置关系,结合不同时期基准面旋回变化及其形成机制对其进行探讨,认为优势含气层段储集层中本2段具有障壁迁移、毯式连通,山2段具有低位控砂、面线连通,山1段具有侧向迁移、接触式连通,盒8段具有迁摆叠置、多向连通的特点。     

Dissolution sequestration mechanism of CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> at the Shiqianfeng saline aquifer in the Ordos Basin,northwestern China

This study focused on the target injection layers of deep saline aquifers in the Shiqianfeng Fm. in the Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) Demonstration Projects in the Ordos Basin, northwestern China. The study employed a combination method of experiments and numerical simulation to investigate the dissolution mechanism and impact factors of CO₂ in these saline aquifers. The results showed (1) CO₂ solubility in different types of water chemistry were shown in ascending order: MgCl₂-type water < CaCl₂-type water < Na₂SO₄-type water < NaCl-type water < Na₂CO₃-type water < distilled water. These results were consistent with the calculated results undertaken by TOUGHREACT with about 5% margin of error. CO₂ solubility of Shiqianfeng Fm. saline was 1.05 mol/L; (2) compared with distilled water, the more complex the water’s chemical composition, the greater the increase in HCO₃ ^?concentration. While the water’s composition was relatively simple, the tested water’s HCO₃ ^?concentrations were in close accord with the calculated value undertaken by the TOUGHREACT code, and the more complex the water’s composition, the poorer the agreement was, probably due to the complex and unstable HCO₃ ^? complicating matters when in an aqueous solution system including both tested HCO₃ ^?concentration and calculated HCO₃ ^?concentration; (3) the CO₂ solubility in the saline at the temperature conditions of 55 °C and 70 °C were 1.17 and 1.02 mol/L. When compared with the calculated value of 1.20 and 1.05 mol/L, they were almost the same with only 1 and 3% margin of error; concentrations of HCO₃ ^? were 402.73 mg/L (0.007 mol/L) and 385.65 mg/L (0.006 mol/L), while the simulation results were 132.16 mg/L (0.002 mol/L) and 128.52 mg/L (0.002 mol/L). From the contrast between the tested data and the calculated data undertaken by the TOUGHREACT code, it was shown that TOUGHRACT code could better simulate the interaction between saline and CO₂ in the dissolution sequestration capacity. Therefore, TOUGHREACT code could be used for the inter-process prediction of CO₂ long-term geological storage of CO₂; (4) The Ca²⁺ concentration and SO₄ ^2?concentration in saline water had less effect on the solubility of CO₂ and HCO₃ ^?concentration. In addition, TDS and pH values of saline affected not only the solubility of CO₂, but also the conversion of CO₂ to HCO₃ ^? due to that they can affect the activity and acid-base balance. So in fact, we just need to consider that the TDS and pH values are main impact factors in the dissolution sequestration capacity of CO₂ geological sequestration in deep saline aquifers.     

Ecological function regionalization of cultural heritage sites in Turpan,China, based on GIS

The protection for historical and cultural heritage and their surrounding environments is much more important than any other preventive efforts made by humans, so how to protect them and achieve sustainable utilization should be a priority. Regionalization is an efficient and a sustainable tool to manage the protected areas. In this study, based on regionalization of natural protected areas theory, we used ecological sensitivity analysis to regionalize the heritage sites in Turpan, China. Factors for the analysis are topography, ecological environments, human activity, and landscape resources. Based on the analysis of environmental status and spatial variation of ecological sensitivity in Turpan, this paper aims at developing a regionalization scheme and provides a scientific basis for protection and restoration of vulnerable historical and cultural sites. Our study results showed that 75% of the heritage sites in Turpan have sensitivity which is under dangerous condition and requires better planning and protection. This study provided a reliable and scientific way to regionalize heritage sites in the study area and which also can be transferred to other locations with similar situation.     

基于NPP数据和样区对比法的青藏高原自然保护区保护成效分析

在青藏高原选择11个代表性自然保护区,基于高寒草地植被净初级生产力（Net Primary Production,简写NPP）变化过程数据,比较分析了自然保护区与其相邻等面积区域的NPP变化差异;采用样区对比法,在自然保护区内外选取21组对比样区,比较自然保护区建立前后及其内外的生态状况,评估了自然保护区的保护成效。研究表明：1. 1982-2009年间,82%的代表性自然保护区NPP比保护区周邻区域及青藏高原的平均水平低,反映了自然保护区的生态系统状况更为脆弱;2. 在代表性自然保护区中,曼则塘自然保护区的NPP增长趋势最为明显,塔什库尔干野生动物自然保护区的NPP增长趋势最弱;除色林错自然保护区外,以草甸和湿地为主的自然保护区NPP增速明显高于以草原与荒漠草地为主的自然保护区;3. 代表性样区的研究发现：① 自然保护区内76%以上的样区和国家级保护区内82%以上的样区NPP增加幅度明显高于保护区外对应样区的增幅;② 取得明显保护效果的有中昆仑、长沙贡玛、若尔盖和色林错等自然保护区;曼则塘自然保护区的东南部边缘地区和塔什库尔干野生动物自然保护区的北部边缘地区的效果不明显,可能与保护区及其周邻地区人类扰动增强密切相关;③ 高寒草甸类型自然保护区的保护效果最为显著,高寒草原类型自然保护区的保护效果较差。本研究展示了样区对比法在评估大区域生态变化中所具有的独特优势,其关键在于科学设计样区并进行合理的空间抽样。     

毛乌素沙地西南缘灌丛沙丘沉积物的粒度和元素特征

对毛乌素沙地白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)灌丛沙丘沉积物粒度和元素特征进行了采样分析.结果表明:灌丛沙丘沉积物来源单一,几乎全部由丘间地物质组成,其粒度和元素特征与丘间地物质极其相似;相对而言,灌丛沙丘沉积物比丘间地物质含有更多粗颗粒物,主要因丘间地可做跃移运动的中沙和细沙更易被灌丛阻挡而堆积;灌丛沙丘沉积物中大部分元素含量比丘间地物质低,主要因这些元素易被淋溶迁移到丘间地富集;灌丛沙丘发育以来,虽然其沉积环境存在波动,但相对稳定,未发生过显著变化.