汶川Mw7.9地震余震序列触发机制研究

余震触发机制的Dieterich解析模型被广泛应用于区域地震活动性的定量分析以及依赖时间的概率地震预测模型的建立等方面.基于滑移速率和状态相依赖的摩擦定律和弹簧-滑块模型,从Dieterich断层滑移速率方程出发,给出了静态应力扰动下触发地震的时钟提前或推后的近似解,从而明确地阐明了触发地震的产生机制与断层的演化过程密切相关,并与传统位错模型下库仑应力扰动时间提前或推后量作了比较.采用对数线性拟合方法求得了汶川Mw7.9主震后余震序列持续时间,符合Dieterich理论结果.以汶川余震序列为例,给出了两种不同的应力扰动模式在该余震序列中的应用.结果表明,经典Dieterich扰动解无法给出主震发生后即时余震数量的异常增加,而考虑主震前后剪应力速率变化的Dieterich分段解则可反映出余震发生率及个数随时间的演化特征.     

Synthetic seismic intensity for historic earthquakes in the North China Plain: implications for the regional seismic hazard

Multiple approaches are used to study the potential seismic hazard in the North China Craton (NCC, or North China Plain), where approximately 15 % of the Chinese population resides and under which active faults are located. In this study, we develop a new modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) attenuation relationship for the NCC using intensity data from 10 instrumentally recorded events. We then utilize this relationship to infer the magnitude and epicentral location of historic events based on the method proposed by Bakun and Wentworth (Bull Seismol Soc Am 87(6):1502–1521, 1997). In addition, a modified stochastic finite fault model is employed to simulate the strong ground motions caused by these historic events. The simulated peak ground accelerations and velocities are then converted into regional MMI distributions through empirical relationships, and these synthetic MMI maps are compared to field observations. The resultant MMI attenuation versus distance models of the 1976 M _w 7.6 Tangshan event and the 1679 M 8.0 Sanhe-Pinggu event are consistent with the empirical attenuation relationships, and the location and size of the meizoseismal area (>VIII) are consistent with observations. The successful modeling of these historic events indicates that a stochastic finite fault model constrained by the regional MMI attenuation relationship can be used to evaluate a wide range of scenarios based on modern computational simulations. These findings may also provide useful information for the estimation and mitigation of potential seismic hazards in this region.     

A preliminary methods comparison for measurement of dissolved organic nitrogen in seawater

Routine determination of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) is performed in numerous laboratories around the world using one of three families of methods: UV oxidation (UV), persulfate oxidation (PO), or high temperature combustion (HTC). Essentially all routine methods measure total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) and calculate DON by subtracting the dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN). While there is currently no strong suggestion that any of these methods is inadequate, there are continuing suspicions of slight inaccuracy by UV methods.This is a report of a broad community methods comparison where 29 sets (7 UV, 13 PO, and 9 HTC) of TDN analyses were performed on five samples with varying TDN and DIN concentrations. Analyses were done in a “blind” procedure with results sent to the first author. With editing out one set of extreme outliers (representing 5 out of 145 ampoules analyzed), the community comparability for analyzing the TDN samples was in the 8–28% range (coefficient of variation representing one standard deviation for the five individual samples by 28 analyses). When DIN concentrations were subtracted uniformly (single DIN value for each sample), the comparability was obviously worse (19–46% cv). This comparison represents a larger and more diverse set of analyses, but the overall comparability is only marginally better than that of the Seattle workshop of a decade ago. Grouping methods, little difference was seen other than inconclusive evidence that the UV methods gave TDN values for several of the samples higher than HTC methods. Since there was much scatter for each of the groups of methods and for all analyses when grouped, it is thought that more uniformity in procedures is probably needed. An important unplanned observation is that variability in DIN analyses (used in determining the final analyte in most UV and PO methods) is essentially as large as the variability in the TDN analyses.This exercise should not be viewed as a qualification exercise for the analysts, but should instead be considered a broad preliminary test of the comparison of the families of methods being used in various laboratories around the world. Based on many independent analyses here, none of the routinely used methods appears to be grossly inaccurate, thus, most routine TDN analyses being reported in the literature are apparently accurate. However, it is not reassuring that the ability of the international community to determine DON in deep oceanic waters continues to be poor. It is suggested that as an outgrowth of this paper, analysts using UV and PO methods experiment and look more carefully at the completeness of DIN conversion to the final analyte and also at the accuracy of their analysis of the final analyte. HTC methods appear to be relatively easy and convenient and have potential for routine adoption. Several of the authors of this paper are currently working together on an interlaboratory comparison on HTC methodology.     

多源遥感图像的1976年Ms7.8唐山大地震等烈度区判定

传统的地震烈度评估方法依靠人为实地调查,易造成部分地区数据缺失,导致等烈度线丢失细节信息。本文以实地调查的等烈度线分布为基准,结合保存的唐山地震震后航片资料、卫星图像和其他资料,从宏观上更细致地开展了唐山地震的等烈度线图判定研究。首先,利用地震后的航空照片和地震前美国锁眼（KH）卫星图像进行对比分析,详细判读典型震害建构筑物目标、喷砂冒水等,总结影像判读标准,采用面向对象分类变化检测的方法确定极震区和重点破坏区分布;然后,利用地震前后的航片、KH卫星、美国陆地资源卫星Mss图像,选取2495个建筑区样本点,基于图像纹理信息熵的相关性分析对重点村镇目标进行变化检测处理,确定各村镇建筑物的破坏程度及其趋势;最后,综合分析历史航片、余震等资料,分析地震发震断层等多源遥感资料,基于反距离加权插值的方法对样本点进行插值获取地震烈度分布区域,综合多源遥感资料实现了唐山地震的地震烈度区的判读,与前人实地调查结果对比,综合多源遥感图像判定的地震烈度区与实地调查结果形态相近,证明该方法可用于地震烈度评估。     

Methods for industrial measurement and basic principles of their choices

In this paper, a variety of industrial objects are systematically analyzed. Ten methods for industrial measurement are summarized. For each method, its nature, advantages, disadvantages and adaptability are briefly given. The basic principles to choose the right industrial method are indicated.     

HPFL加固多孔砖砌体抗震性能的试验研究

为了解高性能水泥复合砂浆钢筋网薄层(HPFL)加固对多孔砖砌体抗震性能的加固效果及纵筋数量和加固方式因素的影响,制作了2个对比试件和10个加固试件进行拟静力试验.试验结果表明:加固后试件的抗震抗剪承载力得到了显著提高,提高幅度达22.3％～ 49.4％;变形能力和耗能能力也得到明显的提高.圈梁构造柱条带加固对抗剪承载力的提高稍低于剪刀撑条带加固方式,但对延性和耗能能力的提高却更显著.条带纵筋数量的增加可以有效提高加固效果.根据试验结果和理论分析,拟合了HPFL加固多孔砖砌体抗震抗剪承载力的计算公式,可供工程加固设计时参考使用.     

Site amplification effects as an explanation for the intensity anomaly in the Hanyuan Town during the Wenchuan <Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis><Subscript>w</Subscript> 7.9 earthquake

The Hanyuan Town is located approximately 200 km from the macro-epicenter of the great Wenchuan earthquake. However, it is within the only Intensity VIII zone, surrounded by a region of Intensity VI. The objective of this study was to investigate this high-intensity anomaly with respect to the site amplifications in the Hanyuan Town. The base inputs were derived from the records at a nearby strong-motion station because no records were available from the town. The characteristics of the subsurface formations and their dynamic properties at a typical site in the town were obtained by drilling, field tests and laboratory tests. Seismic response and parametric sensitivity analyses of the site were conducted using Shake 91, and the results were compared with the provisions for rare earthquakes from the Chinese Code for Seismic Design of Buildings (GBJ11-89). The results showed that the average peak acceleration at the site during the Wenchuan earthquake is similar to the code-specified value under rare earthquakes, that the corresponding spectral accelerations for periods between approximately 0.35 and 0.75 s are significantly stronger than those specified by the code and that the average amplification factor at the site is significantly higher than the mean value of the site class. These findings indicate that the high-intensity anomaly in the town was primarily caused by site amplification effects from the unique structure of the soil strata.     

岷县漳县MS6.6地震近场地震波谱质心分布与发震构造

采用近场15个地震台记录的2013-07-22岷县漳县MS6.6地震主震波形,计算平均谱质心频率并给出地理分布。结果表明,高频分布椭圆分布在临潭-宕昌断裂主支的西南侧。由此认为,这次地震的逆冲块体应是处于临潭-宕昌断裂西南侧的另一平行次级断层之间的块体,发震构造并非临潭-宕昌断裂;谱质心最高频率的分布范围揭示了地震波能量辐射最强的区域,与现场考察的宏观极震区相吻合。     

一种新的土体动力本构模型

基于指数函数的有界性、函数曲线形状和构造土体动力本构模型的一般原则,把函数Y=e^x在（-∞,0]区间上的图像进行翻转、平移、放缩,从而构造出土体的动力本构模型的骨架曲线。在卸载和反向加载时,采用与骨架曲线相同的函数形式,并以前一次卸载开始点作为起点,以土体的极限应力水平作为渐近线,构造出土体动力本构模型的滞回曲线。在此基础上构造出适用于非对称循环荷载的指数形式土体动力本构模型（UE模型）。并用共振柱实验的结果检验了模型的有效性。UE模型具有四个特点：第一,适用于非对称循环荷载;第二,记忆量小;第三,卸载再加载滞回曲线自动满足Masing准则;第四,模型参数少,物理意义明确,可用常规试验确定。