Impact of Gas Adsorption Induced Coal Matrix Damage on the Evolution of Coal Permeability

It has been widely reported that coal permeability can change from reduction to enhancement due to gas adsorption even under the constant effective stress condition, which is apparently inconsistent with the classic theoretical solutions. This study addresses this inconsistency through explicit simulations of the dynamic interactions between coal matrix swelling/shrinking induced damage and fracture aperture alteration, and translations of these interactions to permeability evolution under the constant effective stress condition. We develop a coupled coal–gas interaction model that incorporates the material heterogeneity and damage evolution of coal, which allows us to couple the progressive development of damage zone with gas adsorption processes within the coal matrix. For the case of constant effective stress, coal permeability changes from reduction to enhancement while the damage zone within the coal matrix develops from the fracture wall to further inside the matrix. As the peak Langmuir strain is approached, the decrease of permeability halts and permeability increases with pressure. The transition of permeability reduction to permeability enhancement during gas adsorption, which may be closely related to the damage zone development in coal matrix, is controlled by coal heterogeneity, external boundary condition, and adsorption-induced swelling.     

赣南山地丘陵区城市人口增长与建成区扩张耦合关系

随着中国经济发展逐步进入转型期,新型城镇化的深入推进成为区域经济持续发展的强大引擎,但在城镇化进程中产生的耕地安全、空间冲突等问题日益突出。分析山地丘陵城市人地关系,有利于把握城市发展质量、为山地丘陵区深入推进新型城镇化战略提供认识基础。研究以赣南原中央苏区为例,在2001年、2012年城市人口与建成区面积数据基础上,通过修正集中度构建了基于山地丘陵地区人口增长-建成区扩张耦合指数模型,利用数理统计及空间分析方法对其进行深入分析。结果表明:2001—2012年,城市人口及建成区集中度呈现出典型的幂分布特征,空间分布上则形成核心-边缘结构。城市人口与建成区集中度间的关联性显著增强,空间布局均以东北-西南方向为主,但二者由不均衡逐步趋于拟合,城市人口增长-建成区扩张的空间格局、规模差异均较大;趋势线在东西方向上变化十分显著,南北方向上起伏度变化则进一步增大。2001—2012年,赣南苏区主导城市类型由人口增长型转变为人地协调型;而人口增长-建成区扩张耦合格局则以建成区扩张型城市为主,城市蔓延式扩张现象明显。研究立足各级城市人地发展现状,提出促进赣南苏区城市人地协调发展差别化建议及措施。     

华南地区港口体系与功能分化对海南洋浦 自贸港建设的启示

中国华南沿海地区地处海上丝绸之路的必经之地,其周边港口的航运网络及其临港产业的建设对推进跨区域的社会文化活动和经济合作具有重要意义。通过对比分析海南洋浦港与中国华南地区9个典型港口的航运网络特征及其临港区产业类型可以发现：（1）洋浦港目前的集装箱吞吐量及其市场占有率还比较少,2020年集装箱吞吐量为101.93万TEU,仅占整个华南地区10个典型港口比重的1.25%,并且仅与地区内的钦州港、新加坡港、胡志明港有较高航运频次。洋浦港在航线布局上,亟待向香港港、广州港和深圳港靠齐,提升中国在环南海区域的“近洋”布局并不断推动洲际“远洋”航线地开通;（2）洋浦港临港区域企业数量由2005年的326个增加至1461个,在区域港口中总占比由2005年0.18%提升至2015年0.47%。但各企业分布密度均较其他港区小。其中直接涉海的海运装卸业与跨境物流产业数量都较少;依存产业建设方面目前主要依托于渔业的发展,其他船舶制造业、建筑工程业也较少;与港务相关的服务业中,洋浦港提供的服务类型也较少,主要集中为零售业,缺少海运保险和海洋金融等服务业类型。因此,海南港口在高质量发展的新常态下,需要从业务“多元化”向区域“基地化”实现转型发展,即要注重与华南地区典型港口之间的相互“交流”以及港口与临港区产业经济活动之间的互动,逐步形成优势互补、分工合理、相互协作、竞争有序的沿海港口群体。     

哈达贺休盐湖卤水氢氧同位素特征及成因分析

内蒙古哈达贺休盐湖蕴藏着较为丰富的地下卤水资源,但人们对其成因和演化机制尚缺乏充分的认识。本文采用稳定同位素方法,研究了哈达贺休盐湖地下卤水及其周边水体的氢氧同位素组成特征,并对卤水的成因进行了分析。结果表明：哈达贺休盐湖地下卤水的?D和?18O值平均值分别为-0.53 ‰和4.01 ‰,黑河河水的?D和?18O值平均值分别为-36.73 ‰和-5.51 ‰,居延海湖水的?D和?18O值平均值分别为1.26 ‰和2.73 ‰,当地大气降水的?D和?18O值平均值分别为-5.30 ‰和-1.20 ‰。研究区水体的蒸发趋势线方程为δD=5.32δ18O-20.08,该蒸发线偏离全球大气降水线。黑河河水的氘盈余值（d）最大,湖水和地下卤水的最小,而且湖水和卤水的d值与TDS呈负相关关系。偏正的?D和?18O值以及较小的d值,表明研究区卤水经历了强烈的蒸发,同时还存在与含氧类矿物的同位素交换反应。卤水和居延海湖水氢氧同位素值分布比较集中并且接近,二者都由黑河河水演化而来。     

潮汐效应对沿海多条带时序InSAR地表形变监测的影响

潮汐效应对沿海大范围、高精度的合成孔径雷达干涉测量(Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar, InSAR)技术地表形变监测的影响不可忽略. 潮汐效应中的固体潮(Solid Earth Tide, SET)位移和海洋潮汐负荷(Ocean Tide Loading, OTL)位移会在时间和空间域上对沿海大范围InSAR地表形变监测产生分米级的误差, 而且不同条带中地表潮汐形变时空差异性会对多条带InSAR影像拼接产生较大误差. 本文针对沿海地区多条带InSAR形变时序, 重点分析了潮汐效应在不同条带InSAR地表沉降监测中的影响, 并采用多种潮汐位移估计方法对多条带地表潮汐形变进行改正. 结果表明, 研究区域不同条带时序InSAR中地表潮汐形变具有较大的时空差异性, 其造成沿海地区相邻条带时序InSAR地表沉降速率差异能达到1~2 cm·a^-1; 通过固体潮模型、海潮负荷模型或GPS参考站网海潮位移改正, 能够消除不同条带中地表潮汐形变时空差异性对时序InSAR形变结果拼接产生的空间高阶非线性误差, 弥补了传统拼接方法在拟合潮汐位移偏差的不足. 在大气延迟误差改正的基础上, 时序InSAR形变残差的标准差(Standard Deviation, STD)由潮汐改正前的2.3 cm减少至0.75 cm; 本文研究揭示了沿海地表潮汐形变改正对多条带时序InSAR形变结果拼接的重要性, 可大幅提高沿海地区广域时序InSAR地表形变监测的精度.

     

Total N,total P and organic matters content in floodplain soils of Xianghai Nature Reserve

Soil sediment samples of 10 layers with a spacing of 10 cm each were collected in different floodplain zones adjacent to Huolin River in the Xianghai Nature Reserve, and contents of total N, total P and organic matters were analyzed. The results showed that contents of total N, total P and organic matters were generally decreasing with the increase of distance from sample locations to the river channel, and contents of the three items were generally higher in the upper soil layer than that in the lower soil layer. The content variations displayed how flooding functions influenced nutrient matter content variations in floodplain soils since the flood inundation frequencies of the sample locations varied. The correlation analysis displayed that there were remarkable relativities between total N, total P and organic matters within definite spatial distance from the Huolin River channel.     

近20年中国北方13省的耕地变化与驱动力

利用 1983年1月至1999年12月长时间序列NOAA/AVHRR NDVI 数据和2001年逐旬SPOT/VGT 数据,获取了中国北方13省1980s初期、1990s初期、1990s末期和2000s初期地表土地覆盖特征,阐述了中国北方13省的耕地变化过程,并重点讨论了人类活动对耕地变化特征的影响和耕地变化的驱动力。发现：(1) 裸地、耕地等弱生态用地面积持续增加,而林地和草地等生态功能用地和混合功能用地持续减少是我国北方1983~1999年土地利用/覆盖变化的主要特征,这在一定程度上影响着区域生态系统的调节功能。但在2000s初期,这种状况有所改观,表明国家自20世纪末期开始实施的退耕还林还草等一系列生态环境建设措施在一定程度上开始发挥作用;(2) 从1983~2001年,中国北方13省的耕地重心整体上表现出向西南方向偏移的趋势。此外,地形和交通状况对耕地的空间变化过程影响明显,区域耕地面积主要集中在海拔较低、坡度较小的平原和丘陵地带,耕地利用强度一般随着距交通干线距离的增加而减少;(3) 人们生活收入水平以及农业产量变化与耕地变化关系密切,其中人们生活收入水平与耕地面积成负相关,而农业产量与耕地面积呈正相关,表明经济的发展以及人们生活水平提高导致的非农用地量增加以及农业用地内部的结构调整是中国北方13省耕地变化的重要原因。     

1961-2008年中国西南地区极端气候变化幅度的海拔效应(英文)

A total of 12 indices of temperature extremes and 11 indices of precipitation ex-tremes at 111 stations in southwestern China at altitudes of 285-4700 m were examined for the period 1961-2008. Significant correlations of temperature extremes and elevation in-cluded the trends of diurnal temperature range, frost days, ice days, cold night frequency and cold day frequency. Regional trends of growing season length, warm night frequency, coldest night and warmest night displayed a statistically significant positive correlation with altitude. These characteristics indicated the obvious warming with altitude. For precipitation extreme indices, only the trends of consecutive dry days, consecutive wet days, wet day precipitation and the number of heavy precipitation days had significant correlations with increasing alti-tude owing to the complex influence of atmospheric circulation. It also indicated the increased precipitation mainly at higher altitude areas, whereas the increase of extreme precipitation events mainly at lowers altitude. In addition, the clearly local influences are also crucial on climate extremes. The analysis revealed an enhanced sensitivity of climate extremes to ele-vation in southwestern China in the context of recent warming.     

Role of market agents in mitigating the climate change effects on food economy

Natural Hazards - Agriculture’s ability to adapt to the impacts of climate change is critical for agricultural households as well as the general public and policymakers. Economic agents can...     

Physicochemistry and Mineralogy of Storm Dust and Dust Sediment in Northern China

Dust sediments collected from 1995 to 1998 in Beijing, Dunhuang, Inner Mongolia, Kashi, the Kunlun Mountains, Lanzhou, Ningxia, the Taklimakan Desert, and Xi‘an, China, were characterized in terms of their physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties. Most aerosols and dust analysed ranged in texture from silty clay to clay loam. Their median particle diameters (Mds) generally ranged between 5 to 63μm,coinciding with those of loess from central China and the finest sand from northwestern China. The dust sediments were characterized by a predominance of SiO2 and Al2O3, followed by K2O. Their SiO2/Al2O3and K2O/SiO2 molar ratios ranged from 5.17 to 8.43 and from 0.009 to 0.0368, respectively. The mass concentration spectrum during a dust storm showed a single peak, rather than the triple peak generally observed under clear sky conditions. The dominant minerals were chlorite, illite, calcite, and dolomite.These physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties were consistent with those of aeolian soils and loess in western and central China. The results suggest that aerosols and fine-gained fractions of dust sediments collected in northern China are mainly composed of soil material transported from the arid and semiarid regions of China and Mongolia by prevailing winds. The rate of deposition and properties of dust falling on eastern China were strongly influenced by meteorological conditions, season, latitude, longitude, and altitude of the sampling sites.