中国乡村旅游发展综述

乡村旅游是以农业为基础,以旅游为目的,以服务为手段,以城市居民为目标,第一产业和第三产业相结合的新型产业.乡村旅游可以合理开发城市边缘区景观生态资源,发展城郊生态旅游,实现城市和乡村优势互补、协调发展.乡村旅游在中国先后经历了早期兴起阶段、初期发展阶段和规范经营阶段,从最初的资源特色主导、农业产业主导和政府扶持主导过渡到了现今的市场主导.本文基于乡村旅游的产生背景和概念特征,对中国乡村旅游的发展进行了全面论述,分析了乡村旅游的发展现状和主要模式,并针对当前存在的主要问题提出了相应的发展对策,最后对乡村旅游的发展前景进行了展望,以期能用以指导未来中国乡村旅游的可持续发展.     

浙江青田石平川钾长花岗岩特征及其成因探讨

青田县石平川钼矿床是浙江省现已发现的规模最大的钼矿床,多数人认为石平川钼矿床的形成与钾长花岗岩有密切关系。本文主要从岩相学、岩石地球化学、LA—ICPMS锆石U—Pb年代学等方面研究石平川钾长花岗岩,并探讨其成岩环境及成因。研究表明,石平川岩体属于高钾钙碱性、弱过铝质S型花岗岩,其形成于早自垩世晚期挤压环境,源岩物质主要是壳源,并有少部分幔源物质成分参与。     

Pattern and timing of late Cenozoic rapid exhumation and uplift of the Helan Mountain,China

The Helan Mountain, an intraplate deformation belt in the North China Craton, is located in the northern portion of the China North-South seismic belt, and at the northwestern margin of the Ordos Block. The Cenozoic deformation history of the Helan Mountain is characterized by extension along the eastern Helan Mountain fault (EHSF), resulting in the exhumation and uplift of the Helan Mountain, relative to the rifting of the adjacent Yinchuan Basin. Here we present new apatite fission track (AFT) data from several transects adjacent to the EHSF in the central and northern Helan Mountain. AFT ages from the northern Helan Mountain (Dawukou and Zhengyiguan transects) range from 10 Ma to 89 Ma, whereas AFT ages from the southern Helan Mountain (Suyukou transect) are greater than 71 Ma. The AFT data analysis reveals initiation of rapid uplift and exhumation of the Helan Mountain at 10–12 Ma. Additionally, a plot of the AFT ages versus their mean track length shows a distinctive "boomerang" pattern indicating that the Helan Mountain experienced a discrete phase of accelerated exhumation beginning at 10-12 Ma. Spatially, AFT samples systematically increase in age away from the EHSF and are consistent with late Cenozoic exhumation that was slow in the southwestern Helan Mountain and rapid in the northeastern Helan Mountain, as well more rapid adjacent to the EHSF and slower away from the EHSF. Obviously, the spatial distribution of late Cenozoic exhumation indicates that normal faulting of the EHSF is related to southwestward tilting and rapid exhumation of the Helan Mountain beginning at 10–12 Ma. The uplift and exhumation of the Helan Mountain was a response to the intensive extension of the northwestern margin of the Ordos Block in the late Cenozoic; this occurred under a regional extensional stress field oriented NW-SE along the Yinchuan-Jilantai-Hetao and the Weihe-Shanxi graben systems adjacent to the Ordos Block.     

The formation and evolution of Chepaizi-Mosuowan paleo-uplift and its control on the distributions of sedimentary facies in the Junggar Basin

The Chepaizi-Mosuowan paleo-uplift is a large-scale uplift stretching across the Junggar Basin formed during the Yanshanian. It has experienced four evolutionary stages: the initial forming stage (J1), the intense development stage (J2+3), the waning and burial stage (K-E), and the tilting and extinction stage (N-Q). The most intense period of activities is the Middle Jurassic. Dur-ing the Early Jurassic, the Chepaizi-Mosuowan paleo-structure was a low amplitude uplift. Because of the subsequent strong upli...     

落马洞暗河发育特征及其洪涝成因分析

根据区域岩溶发育史分析认为,湖北宣恩县落马洞暗河的形成总体上可分为两个阶段:第一阶段发生在白垩纪末至晚第三纪。在该阶段中,降水主要通过发育于卧西坪岩溶坡立谷地两侧的小型洼地、落水洞汇入地下管道,往卧西坪谷地排泄,在卧西坪一带形成一小型岩溶湖泊的同时,还在谷地西侧形成了下黑槽、铜锣坪、扁洞三个近东西向地下暗河系统。第二个阶段发生在晚第三纪至今。在这一期间,随着区域构造运动的振荡性抬升,岩溶侵蚀基准面不断下降,在谷地内形成了上、下黑槽、铜锣坪落水洞与卧西坪消水洞等垂向岩溶管道,贯通早期形成的东西向管道并袭夺卧西坪和铜锣坪一带的地表岩溶湖水,使得原分散的岩溶水系统通过南北向的主管道集中排泄,形成了多进口的树枝状复杂管道暗河系统。卧西坪岩溶坡立谷内常年遭受洪涝的原因主要是由于落马洞地下暗河形成年代较晚,管道规模较小,且洞内坍塌淤积严重,排水能力小。在此基础上,提出了加强流域水土流失管理、疏通河道和新建排水隧洞等治理措施与防治对策。      

Response of upper ocean currents to typhoons at two ADCP moorings west of the Luzon Strait

We deployed two ADCP mooring systems west of the Luzon Strait in August 2008, and measured the upper ocean currents at high frequency. Two typhoons passed over the moorings during approximately one-month observation period. Using ADCP observations, satellite wind and heat flux measurements, and high-resolution model assimilation products, we studied the response of the upper ocean to typhoons. The first typhoon, Nuri, passed over one of the moorings, resulting in strong Ekman divergence and significant surface cooling. The cooling of surface water lagged the typhoon wind forcing about one day and lasted about five days. The second typhoon, Sinlaku, moved northward east of the Luzon Strait, and did not directly impact currents near the observation regions. Sinlaku increased anomalous surface water transport exchange across the Luzon Strait, which modulated the surface layer current of the Kuroshio.     

含二阶规则起伏体结构面的剪切试验研究

通过常法向应力直剪试验研究了含不同二阶规则起伏体高度结构面的剪切特性。试验结果表明:与只含一阶起伏体结构面不同,含二阶起伏体结构面会有多峰值剪应力和波浪状的变形曲线,会出现多次剪断破坏或一次剪断破坏的破坏特征,随着二阶起伏体高度的增大,结构面剪切强度增大。     

温庄尾矿库堆坝模型试验及坝体稳定性分析

以温庄尾矿库为工程背景,通过室内堆坝模型试验,获得到了在坝体堆积过程中尾矿颗粒在库内沉积分布特征、浸润线的变化规律等基础资料。在此基础上,以多孔介质有效应力理论为依据,建立了多孔介质流-固耦合数学模型,利用有限元软件ABAQUS对该库尾矿坝的应力场与渗流场进行了分析,获得了坝体内的应力场及孔隙压力的分布规律,研究成果可为尾矿库的设计、施工和安全生产提供技术支撑。     

压实红黏土的持水性能与机制分析

了解压实红黏土的持水性能是预防路基土体开裂和失稳的基础。首先,利用15 bar压力板仪研究了4种干密度压实试样脱湿路径下的土体持水特征曲线。发现持水曲线随着干密度减小,曲线中间部分呈现水平台阶状,且干密度越小水平台阶的长度越长。然后,结合相同干密度试样的孔隙分布特征曲线,从微观结构的角度分析了压实土体不同持水性能的原因。最后,通过数据拟合的方法建立了不同压实度土体的持水特征曲线方程     

路基沉降预测的三点修正指数曲线法

科学、合理地预测路基工后沉降量是高速铁路建设的关键环节。针对武广高速铁路路基沉降量级小、数据相对波动大的实测数据,探讨了指数曲线法对无砟轨道路基沉降预测的适用性,发现指数曲线法不能直接应用于量级小、数据相对波动较大的沉降预测。把三点法的基本思想引入指数曲线模型,对指数曲线法进行了改进,提出了路基沉降预测的三点修正指数曲线模型。结合武广高速铁路路基沉降观测数据,分析了三点修正指数曲线模型的特性。分析表明,在整个沉降曲线上选取3个关键点作为预测样本,很好地回避了数据波动带来的影响;沉降曲线上“拐点”以后的沉降规律更符合指数曲线模型,因此,应取沉降曲线上“拐点”以后的数据作为样本值,所取三点应能尽量反映沉降发展的趋势。三点修正指数曲线法预测结果稳定、相关系数高,具有一定的工程应用价值