土地评价原理及欧洲共同体的土地利用规划

目前欧洲共同体和许多工业化国家一样,正面临着生产过剩和农业生产不平衡问题。20％以上的农业总产值不得不用于补贴和维持谷类和奶制品过剩的市场。与此同时,社会对油料种子,蛋白作物,果品和木材的需要在不断增加。人们现在将遍认为,以前的农业方针不能再继续下去了,应该对农业生产的市场调解予以更多的注意。正像欧洲共同体1985年时指出的那样,新农业方针强调应压缩已经剩会的农业生产品种的生产(小麦、牛奶,黄油、肉类、糖类),按市场条件和消费者需求增加作物产品的更换和提高质量,同时把环境保护放到优先考虑的位置,最大限度地减小土壤侵蚀、污染和对自然生境的破坏。     

地球化学找矿的广延因素与内涵因素

引言对于一般矿床地质范围内的多数工作者说来,地球化学勘探这一概念,表示地表或近地表化学的区域调查和寻找某些元素,包括成矿元素或一些伴生探途元素的异常浓度的某些形式。但是,从现代地球化学和新技术方法的观点来看,这样一种方法未能反映出地球科学这一分支的最新进展的范围和能力。     

三维激发极化及电磁模拟

导言长期以来,由于缺乏足够的解释手段,电法勘探方法的应用受到了限制。为了解释资料,地球物理学家们不得不依靠物理模型实验、简单形体的解析解法,以及最近的二维模型数值解法。所有这些方法都是有用的,但是它们也都有局限性。     

AUSTRALIA-CHINA COOPERATION IN METEOROLOGY

Australia and China are two countries of comparable geographical size spanning similar latitude rangesin roughly the same longitudes yet with vastly different populations,histories and social structures.Thelinks between the two countries have developed rapidly over the past fifteen years,in few areas more-sothan meteorology,one of the most inherently international of all fields of human endeavour.This paperbriefly compares the historical development and current organization of meteorology in the two countries andreports on the highlights of a program of enhanced bilateral cooperation begun in 1985.     

The water crisis in the gaza strip: prospects for resolution

Israel and the Palestinian Authority share the southern Mediterranean coastal aquifer. Long-term overexploitation in the Gaza Strip has resulted in a decreasing water table, accompanied by the degradation of its water quality. Due to high levels of salinity and nitrate and boron pollution, most of the ground water is inadequate for both domestic and agricultural consumption. The rapid rate of population growth in the Gaza Strip and dependence upon ground water as a single water source present a serious challenge for future political stability and economic development. Here, we integrate the results of geochemical studies and numerical modeling to postulate different management scenarios for joint management between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. The chemical and isotopic data show that most of the salinity phenomena in the Gaza Strip are derived from the natural flow of saline ground water from Israel toward the Gaza Strip. As a result, the southern coastal aquifer does not resemble a classic "upstream-downstream" dispute because Israel's pumping of the saline ground water reduces the salinization rates of ground water in the Gaza Strip. Simulation of different pumping scenarios using a monolayer, hydrodynamic, two-dimensional model (MARTHE) confirms the hypothesis that increasing pumping along the Gaza Strip border combined with a moderate reduction of pumping within the Gaza Strip would improve ground water quality within the Gaza Strip. We find that pumping the saline ground water for a source of reverse-osmosis desalination and then supplying the desalinated water to the Gaza Strip should be an essential component of a future joint management strategy between Israel and the Palestinian Authority.     

太古宙的微化石和“微化石状”物体——一个批判性评述

在过去15年间,已报导过格陵兰(伊苏阿上地壳群,大约3770Ma)、非洲(翁韦瓦克特群,大约3540Ma;无花果树群,大约3400Ma;维特瓦特斯兰德岩系,大约2640—2820Ma;布拉瓦约灰岩,大约2600Ma)、澳大利亚(瓦拉沃纳群,大约3520Ma;戈尔格溪群,大约3400Ma;南部克罗斯石英岩,大于2700Ma;哈默斯利群,大约2700Ma)、印度(马德拉斯片麻岩,大于3000Ma;G.R.组,大于2600Ma)、以及北美(苏丹含铁     

资源管理对发展中国家的意义

一、发展进程中仿照式发展和改革在19世纪进程中,重要的援外发展政策思想和标准发生了变化。联合国最初的两个十年发展规划(1950—1970)重点放在发展经济上。如 Take—off、发展中心点、以大力投资消除中心和边缘地区的不平衢及先上后下的发展规划是当时的讨论中心。     

Uniform head in horizontal and vertical wells

The steady-state head within a fully penetrating well may be estimated by evaluating the Thiem equation at the radius of the well. A method is presented here to extend results from the Thiem equation to horizontal wells and to partially penetrating wells. The particular model used in this investigation is based upon the analytic element method; it accurately reproduces a boundary condition of uniform head along the cylindrical surface at the perforated face of the well. This model is exercised over a representative range of parameters including the well's length, radius, and pumping rate, and the aquifer's hydraulic conductivity and thickness. Results are presented in a set of figures and tables that compare the well's drawdown to the drawdown that would have been obtained using the Thiem solution with the same pumping rate and radius. A methodology is presented to estimate the head within a horizontal or partially penetrating well by adding a correction term to results that can be readily obtained from computer models of vertical fully penetrating wells. This approach may also be used to contrast the differences in head between horizontal and vertical wells of various lengths, radii, and placement elevations.     

A mechanism for anomalous decline in radon precursory to an earthquake

Mechanisms for interpreting anomalous decreases in radon in ground water prior to earthquakes are examined with the help of a case study to show that radon potentially is a sensitive tracer of strain changes in the crust preceding an earthquake. The 2003 Chengkung earthquake of magnitude (M) 6.8 on December 10, 2003, was the strongest earthquake near the Chengkung area in eastern Taiwan since 1951. The Antung radon-monitoring station was located 20 km from the epicenter. Approximately 65 d prior to the 2003 Chengkung earthquake, precursory changes in radon concentration in ground water were observed. Specifically, radon decreased from a background level of 780 pCi/L to a minimum of 330 pCi/L. The Antung hot spring is situated in a fractured block of tuffaceous sandstone surrounded by ductile mudstone. Given these geological conditions, we hypothesized that the dilation of brittle rock mass occurred at a rate faster than the recharge of pore water and gas saturation developed in newly created cracks preceding the earthquake. Radon partitioning into the gas phase may explain the anomalous decrease of radon precursory to the 2003 Chengkung earthquake. To support the hypothesis, vapor-liquid, two-phase radon-partitioning experiments were conducted at formation temperature (60 degrees C) using formation brine from the Antung hot spring. Experimental data indicated that the decrease in radon required a gas saturation of 10% developed in rock cracks. The observed decline in radon can be correlated with the increase in gas saturation and then with the volumetric strain change for a given fracture porosity.