作为运动学指示的碎斑体系

糜棱岩中相对坚硬矿物的碎斑通常具有由重结晶物质的尾部所决定的内部单斜对称性。碎斑及其尾部称为‘碎斑体系’。它可以作为有价值的旋涡方向指示物。根据尾部的几何特征可把碎斑体系分为σ-型和δ-型。σ-型有楔形重结晶的尾部,其中线分布在平行于尾部包含体系对称轴的参照面的两侧对边上。σ-型进一步分为σa-型,这种碎斑在相对均匀的基质中是孤零的;和σb-型,其碎斑是与基质中的剪切带叶理相伴出现。典型的σ-型有细长的重结晶的尾部,它的中线横穿邻近碎斑的参照面。接近碎斑的基质物质经常出现湾形,尾部还呈现了明显弯曲。糜棱岩中碎斑体系是与碎斑相邻其质中非共轴流动使碎斑外壳中相对弱功力重结晶颗粒集合体改变其形状而发育起来的。这一习性已在剪切箱的实验中被模拟。利用嵌入硅质油灰的刚性圆柱体周围的波动标志线进行简单剪切实验。这个实验是在不同变形速率条件下逐渐减小刚柱直径去模拟重结晶速率(R)相对变形速率(γ)的变化。R/γ比值决定发育何种碎斑体系的最重要因素之一。高R/γ值时,从碎斑流开的重结晶物质不断地被新生颗粒听补充,同时发育了楔形的σa-型尾部。低R/γ值时,相对地没有多少新生颗粒补充到变细的尾部。由于碎斑的旋转运动产生的牵引作用使尾部偏转。此外,大多数碎斑系统在低剪切应变时是σa-型或不显单斜对称,而σ-型仅在剪切应变中发育。复杂的碎斑体系以两个世代的尾部为特征。可在很多所研究的天然剪切带中见到,在模拟剪切带中由于不稳定的R/γ,也可以形成。用单个的σa-型和σ-型碎斑体系做为旋涡方向的指示物的使用条件是:体系应有一个单斜对称;基质颗粒粒度应小于碎斑的粒度;基质组构是均匀的;变形史简单以及在垂直于糜棱岩中推测的总旋涡向量的切面上进行。     

华北山区大气污染来源的初步探讨

本文仔细考察了华北—山地采样点获得的大气气溶胶元素浓度随气象条件的变化规律和各元素浓度之间的相互关系;发现,气溶胶中由人为污染物形成的那些颗粒物元素的浓度(特别是硫)相当高,其数值与在高度工业化的美国东北部和西欧的工业城市的观测结果相当;颗粒物流的浓度的变化与局地天气条件的变化之间相关性很差,整个观测期间硫的浓度波动也不大,这与地壳灰尘元素的变化规律完全不同。这表明,气溶胶硫污染已经成为较大范围的区域性问题,城市污染可能已影响到广大农村和山区。     

英国气象局新的业务预报系统

一、前言象天气预报这样一种显然并非精确的行业竟能首先使用计算机,确是令人难以置信。早在第一次世界大战期间,曾在英国气象局工作过若干年的英国著名数学家L.F.Richardson就提出了计算机用于天气预报的原理,并于1922年发表文章公诸于世。 Richardson的基本贡献在于他把天气预报作为经典物理学问题之一处理,指出了如何利用数值方法求解的方程。当时的常规天气预报方法是建立     

澳大利亚元古代主要层状贱金属矿床

前言澳大利亚的元古代的主要贱金属矿床(布罗肯希尔、芒特艾萨、麦克阿瑟河矿床)都是根据地表露头发现的。布罗肯希尔矿床是1883年发现的,其地表露头长大于一公里,宽3—40米的富锰铁帽,铁帽中的少量矿物有白铅矿,银的卤化物,磷氯铅矿和少量方铅矿,锌几乎全都淋失了。芒特艾萨矿床是1923年首次发现。含铅—银矿体的直接围岩为黄铁矿化页岩。在地表氧化后成为厚达3米的碧玉或硅化页岩角砾岩,从氧化带开采出的主要矿物为白铅矿和磷氯铅矿,氧化带厚约60米。1947年又在芒特艾萨北20公里的希尔顿区根据出露的铁     

昆士兰州艾萨山镇铜矿石形成物中先存硫化物的作用

昆士兰州西北部的艾萨山镇硫化物矿床,产在已变质成低级绿片岩相的,并在热液活动影响下发生不同程度蚀变的粉砂岩—页岩层序中。形成铅—锌—银矿体的方铅矿和闪锌矿以及细粒黄铁矿,与这些沉积物成互层;而黄铜矿矿化看来已迭加于其上。在最大的矿体-1100矿体中,有一个高品位的块状黄铜矿核,产在黄铁矿矿化强烈的同一层位上;这个核随着黄铁矿的富集而缩小。钴矿物与黄铜矿矿石密切伴生,并表现出与上述情况相同的关系。黄铜矿与黄铁矿的硫同位素值的变化范围相同,表明硫的来源是共同的。黄铁矿层中硫的丰度,并不随着铜品位的增长而增加。这些因素证实组成黄铜矿和富钴硫化物所必需的硫,来自先存地层层序的观点。硫的这种来源,控制了铜、二氧化硅和钴从矿化溶液中的沉积,并为解释铜与铅—锌—银矿石的空间关系提供了联系。     

ENCORE: the effect of nutrient enrichment on coral reefs. Synthesis of results and conclusions

Coral reef degradation resulting from nutrient enrichment of coastal waters is of increasing global concern. Although effects of nutrients on coral reef organisms have been demonstrated in the laboratory, there is little direct evidence of nutrient effects on coral reef biota in situ. The ENCORE experiment investigated responses of coral reef organisms and processes to controlled additions of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (N) and/or phosphorus (P) on an offshore reef (One Tree Island) at the southern end of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. A multi-disciplinary team assessed a variety of factors focusing on nutrient dynamics and biotic responses. A controlled and replicated experiment was conducted over two years using twelve small patch reefs ponded at low tide by a coral rim. Treatments included three control reefs (no nutrient addition) and three + N reefs (NH4Cl added), three + P reefs (KH2PO4 added), and three + N + P reefs. Nutrients were added as pulses at each low tide (ca twice per day) by remotely operated units. There were two phases of nutrient additions. During the initial, low-loading phase of the experiment nutrient pulses (mean dose = 11.5 microM NH4+; 2.3 microM PO4(-3)) rapidly declined, reaching near-background levels (mean = 0.9 microM NH4+; 0.5 microM PO4(-3)) within 2-3 h. A variety of biotic processes, assessed over a year during this initial nutrient loading phase, were not significantly affected, with the exception of coral reproduction, which was affected in all nutrient treatments. In Acropora longicyathus and A. aspera, fewer successfully developed embryos were formed, and in A. longicyathus fertilization rates and lipid levels decreased. In the second, high-loading, phase of ENCORE an increased nutrient dosage (mean dose = 36.2 microM NH4+; 5.1 microM PO4(-3)) declining to means of 11.3 microM NH4+ and 2.4 microM PO4(-3) at the end of low tide) was used for a further year, and a variety of significant biotic responses occurred. Encrusting algae incorporated virtually none of the added nutrients. Organisms containing endosymbiotic zooxanthellae (corals and giant clams) assimilated dissolved nutrients rapidly and were responsive to added nutrients. Coral mortality, not detected during the initial low-loading phase, became evident with increased nutrient dosage, particularly in Pocillopora damicornis. Nitrogen additions stunted coral growth, and phosphorus additions had a variable effect. Coral calcification rate and linear extension increased in the presence of added phosphorus but skeletal density was reduced, making corals more susceptible to breakage. Settlement of all coral larvae was reduced in nitrogen treatments, yet settlement of larvae from brooded species was enhanced in phosphorus treatments. Recruitment of stomatopods, benthic crustaceans living in coral rubble, was reduced in nitrogen and nitrogen plus phosphorus treatments. Grazing rates and reproductive effort of various fish species were not affected by the nutrient treatments. Microbial nitrogen transformations in sediments were responsive to nutrient loading with nitrogen fixation significantly increased in phosphorus treatments and denitrification increased in all treatments to which nitrogen had been added. Rates of bioerosion and grazing showed no significant effects of added nutrients. ENCORE has shown that reef organisms and processes investigated in situ were impacted by elevated nutrients. Impacts were dependent on dose level, whether nitrogen and/or phosphorus were elevated and were often species-specific. The impacts were generally sub-lethal and subtle and the treated reefs at the end of the experiment were visually similar to control reefs. Rapid nutrient uptake indicates that nutrient concentrations alone are not adequate to assess nutrient condition of reefs. Sensitive and quantifiable biological indicators need to be developed for coral reef ecosystems. The potential bioindicators identified in ENCORE should be tested in future research on coral reef/nutrient interactions. Synergistic and cumulative effects of elevated nutrients and other environmental parameters, comparative studies of intact vs. disturbed reefs, offshore vs. inshore reefs, or the ability of a nutrient-stressed reef to respond to natural disturbances require elucidation. An expanded understanding of coral reef responses to anthropogenic impacts is necessary, particularly regarding the subtle, sub-lethal effects detected in the ENCORE studies.     

同位素指示的巴丹吉林沙漠南缘地下水补给来源

通过恢复巴丹吉林沙漠及其周边地区大气降水氚值，并结合区域稳定同位素组合特征，揭示了区域地下水氚年龄的多解性与地下水稳定同位素的温度效应。恢复的1963年核试验期氚高峰值达到2 100 TU，进入90年代平均为60 TU。1960年以来降水补给的地下水氚值都应大于15 TU，而1963年的高峰氚衰变至今应在200 TU左右。地下水实测氚值较低，表明由现代少量降水补给的地下水与大量的古水进行了混合。影响降水中δ18O和δ2H分布的主要影响因子是月平均空气温度，对δ18O与δ2H的影响权重分别占到59.9%和57.0%。巴丹吉林沙漠及其周边地区地下水较低的稳定同位素组成表明，其补给主要是晚更新世较冷环境下形成的，来源于东南部的雅布赖山区，部分浅层地下水接受现代降水与河流的补给。      

STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF A WATERSHED-SCALE SEDIMENT INFORMATION NETWORK

A "Watershed-Scale Sediment Information Network" (WaSSIN), designed to complement UNESCO’s International Sedimentation Initiative, was endorsed as an initial project by the World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research. WaSSIN is to address global fluvial-sediment information needs through a network approach based on consistent protocols for the collection, analysis, and storage of fluvial-sediment and ancillary information at smaller spatial scales than those of the International Sedimentation Initiative. As a second step of implementation, it is proposed herein that the WaSSIN have a general structure of two components, (1) monitoring and data acquisition and (2) research. Monitoring is to be conducted in small watersheds, each of which has an established database for discharge of water and suspended sediment and possibly for bed load, bed material, and bed topography. Ideally, documented protocols have been used for collecting, analyzing, storing, and sharing the derivative data. The research component is to continue the collection and interpretation of data, to compare those data among candidate watersheds, and to determine gradients of fluxes and processes among the selected watersheds. To define gradients and evaluate processes, the initial watersheds will have several common attributes. Watersheds of the first group will be: (1) six to ten in number, (2) less than 1000 km2 in area, (3) generally in mid-latitudes of continents, and (4) of semiarid climate. Potential candidate watersheds presently include the Weany Creek Basin, northeastern Australia, the Zhi Fanggou catchment, northern China, the Eshtemoa Watershed, southern Israel, the Metsemotlhaba River Basin, Botswana, the Aiuaba Experimental Basin, Brazil, and the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed, southwestern United States.     

圆弧形凹陷地形表面覆盖层对入射平面SV波的影响

利用Fourier Bessel级数展开法，给出了表面具有覆盖层的圆弧形凹陷地形对入射平面SV波散射问题的一个解析解，并利用该解分析了不同深宽比凹陷地形表面覆盖层刚度和厚度对入射SV波的影响．结果表明，凹陷地形表面覆盖层的存在，即使厚度很薄，也会显著增加对入射SV波的放大作用，该放大作用可达到单一凹陷地形的2.5倍以上．覆盖层刚度和厚度的变化对入射平面SV波也具有很大影响．      

中国西南天山山前的晚新生代构造与地震活动

天山是研究现今陆内造山作用及过程、陆内变形、陆内强震及其预测等大陆动力学问题的理想实验场。西南天山和塔里木之间的新生代褶皱－逆断裂带基本上由一南冲弧形推覆构造系统和一向北反冲的构造系统组成，由北而南主要由以下4个运动学单元组成：（1）新生代复活的喀拉铁热克山－天山南脉古生代造山带，其快速变形和抬升可能起始于23－26Ma前，持续至13－16Ma前。（2）向南逆冲的西南天山前陆薄皮主冲断带，包括木兹杜克弧形薄皮推覆体和依柯冲断带，前者代表了向南薄皮逆掩的天山型岩系，地表主要表现为一系列的飞来峰群，在14Ma前曾有过大规模活动，最小缩短量约为20－35km，最小缩短速率为1．4－2．8mm/a；后者代表了向南叠瓦状薄皮逆冲推覆的前陆古生代基底（塔里木地台型沉积岩系）卷入构造，其西段在距今14Ma时曾有过强烈活动。两者共同组成了一复杂的双重构造；新生代地层也卷入变形。（3）喀什－阿图什弧形反冲褶皱－逆断裂带，由3排向北（天山）反冲的左阶雁列展布的第四纪地表滑脱褶皱组成，仅在大山口以西发育。该构造带形成于距今约1．4Ma以后。依什拉克喀拉乌尔断裂以南，博古孜河剖面的最小缩短速率约为5．8mm/a，翁库尔剖面的最小缩短速率约为8．6mm/a。（4）塔里木克拉通下盘块体，向北西方向缓倾，内部变形较小。里木块体西北存在明显的不均匀性，其学问基底高角度逆断裂和走滑断裂控制了盆地新生代沉积的厚度，导致西南天山前陆冲断带的地形地貌、地层、构造变形样式、变形时间以及变形缩短量沿走向的巨大差异性。迈丹－喀拉铁克断裂和阿图什断裂带均为岩石圈规模断裂，研究区的中强地震主要发生在这两条断裂带以及它们之间的西南天山前陆冲断带上。