基于夜间灯光数据的环渤海地区城市化过程

利用1992年、1996年和1998年的三期DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据,提取了区域尺度的环渤海地区20世纪90年代的城市群空间信息,建立了城市群地区面状、线状和点状城市化空间模式,分析了环渤海城市群地区20世纪90年代的城市化过程。基本结论如下:①20世纪90年代环渤海城市群地区城市斑块数量增长较快,城市化过程明显,但小斑块所占比重较大,城市斑块破碎度增加。同时,区域内城市重心基本维持在经度117.93o和纬度38.49o附近,整体上表现出向西北方向移动的趋势。②20世纪90年代环渤海城市群地区城市化过程基本上可以从空间上概括为在中心城市和大城市周围的面状城市化过程、沿交通干线周围的线状城市化过程和广大区域内以新兴小城市或小城镇出现为特征的点状城市化过程三种基本过程。其中,面状城市化过程一直居于优势地位,但面状城市化过程的基本有效范围主要局限在面状城市斑块周围3￣4km范围。线状城市化过程和点状城市过程所占的比例相对较小,但表现出明显的增强趋势,在区域内的影响范围正逐渐扩大。     

基于DMSP/OLS灯光数据的快速城市化过程的生态效应评价研究——以环渤海城市群地区为例

快速有效地评估城市化过程带来的生态环境后果,对于优化城市土地利用格局、降低和防范城市生态环境风险,非常必要。因此本文综合利用DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据和SPOT/VGT时间序列数据等多源遥感信息,以NDVI与时间的积分值来表征一定时间段内的植被初级生产力,探讨了环渤海城市群地区城市化过程对植被初级生产力的季节性变化影响。发现：（1）研究区全年总的平均初级生产力总体表现为城市地区低于非城市地区的特征。（2）研究区平均初级生产力一般是在8月份最高,而在1月份最低;同时,一个生长季内,平均初级生产力总体呈现为4-11月城市地区低于非城市地区,而12月到次年3月则是城市地区要高于非城市地区的趋势,但这种趋势在各土地覆盖类型间也存在很大的不同。（3）研究区全年总的平均初级生产力,城市地区NDVI为110.23d/km^2,而非城市地区为123.94d/km^2,两者相差13.71d/km^2,即城市化过程已经在一定程度上减弱了研究区的植被初级生产力。     

Seismic response analysis of laterally inhomogeneous ground with emphasis on strains

The objective of this paper is to make it clear how strain behaviors are affected by the lateral inhomogeneity of ground based on both theoretical simulation and array observation of earthquake motions. We use a two-dimensional pseudo-spectral method to numerically obtain strain motions as well as acceleration motions. We applied the method to some model grounds, which have typical inhomogeneity in the horizontal direction, to estimate general features of strains and accelerations. In addition, the technique was also applied to a site where subsurface irregularity is typically found and an array observation system of earthquake motions was densely deployed. In the latter application of the method, we placed emphasis on comparisons between the observed and simulated motions.     

High magnetic susceptibility produced by thermal decomposition of core samples from the Chelungpu fault in Taiwan

We carried out thermomagnetic susceptibility analyses of fault rocks from core samples from Hole B of the Taiwan Chelungpu Fault Drilling Project (TCDP) to investigate the cause of high magnetic susceptibilities in the fault core. Test samples were thermally and mechanically treated by heating to different maximum temperatures of up to 900 °C and by high-velocity frictional tests before magnetic analyses. Thermomagnetic susceptibility analyses of natural fault rocks revealed that magnetization increased at maximum heating temperatures above 400 °C in the heating cycle, and showed three step increases, at 600 to 550 °C and at 300 °C during the cooling cycle. These behaviors are consistent with the presence of pyrite, siderite and chlorite, suggesting that TCDP gouge originally included these minerals, which contributed to the generation the magnetic susceptibility by thermomechanical reactions. The change in magnetic susceptibility due to heating of siderite was 20 times that obtained by heating pyrite and chlorite, so that only a small fraction of siderite decomposition is enough to cause the slight increase of the susceptibility observed in the fault core. Color measurement results indicate that thermal decomposition by frictional heating took place under low-oxygen conditions at depth, which prevented the minerals from oxidizing to reddish hematite. This finding supports the inference that a mechanically driven chemical reaction partly accounts for the high magnetic susceptibility. A kinetic model analysis confirmed that frictional heating can cause thermal decomposition of siderite and pyrite. Our results show that decomposition of pyrite to pyrrhotite, siderite and, to some extent, chlorite to magnetite is the probable mechanism explaining the magnetic anomaly within the Chelungpu fault zone.     

Improving Representation of Tropical Cloud Overlap in GCMs Based on Cloud-Resolving Model Data

The decorrelation length (L_cf) has been widely used to describe the behavior of vertical overlap of clouds in general circulation models (GCMs); however, it has been a challenge to associate L_cf with the large-scale meteorological conditions during cloud evolution. This study explored the relationship between L_cf and the strength of atmospheric convection in the tropics based on output from a global cloud-resolving model. L_cf tends to increase with vertical velocity in the mid-troposphere (w₅₀₀) at locations of ascent, but shows little or no dependency on w₅₀₀ at locations of descent. A representation of L_cf as a function of vertical velocity is obtained, with a linear regression in ascending regions and a constant value in descending regions. This simple and dynamic-related representation of L_cf leads to a significant improvement in simulation of both cloud cover and radiation fields compared with traditional overlap treatments. This work presents a physically justifiable approach to depicting cloud overlap in the tropics in GCMs.     

Experimental and numerical study on the fracture of rocks during injection of CO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-saturated water

Geological sequestration of CO₂ into depleted hydrocarbon reserviors or saline aquifers presents the enormous potential to reduce greenhouse gas emission from fossil fuels. However, it may give rise to a complicated coupling physical and chemical process. One of the processes is the hydro-mechanical impact of CO₂ injection. During the injection project, the increase of pore pressures of storing formations can induce the instability, which finally results in a catastrophic failure of disposal sites. This paper focuses mainly on the role of CO₂-saturated water in the fracturing behavior of rocks. To investigate how much the dissolved CO₂ can influence the pore pressure change of rocks, acoustic emission (AE) experiments were performed on sandstone and granite samples under triaxial conditions. The main innovation of this paper is to propose a time dependent porosity method to simulate the abrupt failure process, which is observed in the laboratory and induced by the pore pressure change due to the volume dilatancy of rocks, using a finite element scheme associated with two-phase characteristics. The results successfully explained the phenomena obtained in the physical experiments.     

A model of solar flares triggered by interactions between force-free current loops and plasmoids

We present a model of solar flares triggered by collisions between current loops and plasmoids. We investigate a collision process between a force-free current loop and a plasmoid, by using 3-D resistive MHD code. It is shown that a current system can be induced in the front of a plasmoid, when it approaches a force-free current loop. This secondary current produced in the front of the plasmoid separates from the plasmoid and coalesces to the force-free current loop associated with the magnetic reconnection. The core of the plasmoid stays outside the reconnection region, maintaining high density. The core can be confined by the current system produced around the plasmoid. This collison process between a current loop and a plasmoid may explain the triggering of solar flares observed byYohkoh.     

Small-Amplitude Disturbances In A Radiating And Scattering Grey Medium Ii. Solutions Of Given Real Wave Number <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">k</Emphasis>

We study the fundamental modes of radiation hydrodynamic waves arising from one-dimensional small-amplitude initial fluctuations with wave number k in a radiating and scattering grey medium using the Eddington approximation. The dispersion relation analyzed is the same as that of Paper I (Kaneko et al., 2000), but is solved as a quintic in angular frequency ω while a quadratic in k ² in Paper I. Numerical results reveal that wave patterns of five solutions are distinguished into three types of the radiation-dominated and type 1 and type 2 matter-dominated cases. The following wave modes appear in our problem: radiation wave, conservative radiation wave, entropy wave, Newtonian-cooling wave, opacity-damped and cooling-damped waves, constant-volume and constant-pressure diffusion modes, adiabatic sound wave, cooling-damped and drag–force-damped isothermal sound waves, isentropic radiation-acoustic wave, and gap mode. The radiation-dominated case is characterized by the gap between the isothermal sound and isentropic radiation-acoustic speeds within which there is not any acoustic wave propagating with real phase speed. One of the differences between type 1 and type 2 matter-dominated cases is the connectivity of the constant-volume diffusion mode, which originates from the radiative mode in the former case, while from the Newtonian-cooling wave in the latter case. Analytic solutions are derived for all wave modes to discuss their physical significance. The criterion, which distinguishes between radiation-dominated and type 1 matter-dominated cases, is given by Γ₀ = 9, where Γ₀ = C _p ^(tot)/C _V ^(tot) is the ratio of total specific heats at constant pressure and constant volume. Waves in a scattering grey medium are also analyzed, which provides us some hints for the effects of energy and momentum exchange between matter and radiation.     

Corundum + quartz and Mg-staurolite bearing granulite from the Limpopo Belt, southern Africa: Implications for a P–T path

A new occurrence of the rare corundum + quartz assemblage and magnesian staurolite has been found in a gedrite–garnet rock from the Central Zone of the Neoarchean Limpopo Belt in Zimbabwe. Poikiloblastic garnet in the sample contains numerous inclusions of corundum + quartz ± sillimanite, magnesian staurolite + sapphirine ± orthopyroxene, and sapphirine + sillimanite assemblages, as well as monophase inclusions. Corundum, often containing subhedral to rounded quartz, occurs as subhedral to euhedral inclusions in the garnet. Quartz and corundum occur in direct grain contact with no evidence of a reaction texture. The textures and Fe–Mg ratios of staurolite inclusions and the host garnet suggest a prograde dehydration reaction of St → Grt + Crn + Qtz + H₂O to give the corundum + quartz assemblage. Peak conditions of 890–930 °C at 9–10 kbar are obtained from orthopyroxene + sapphirine and garnet + staurolite assemblages. A clockwise P–T path is inferred, with peak conditions being followed by retrograde conditions of 4–6 kbar and 500–570 °C. The presence of unusually magnesian staurolite (Mg / [Fe + Mg] = 0.47–0.53) and corundum + garnet assemblages provides evidence for early high-pressure metamorphism in the Central Zone, possibly close to eclogite facies. The prograde high-pressure event followed by high- to ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism and rapid uplifting of the Limpopo Belt could have occurred as a result of Neoarchean collisional orogeny involving the Zimbabwe and Kaapvaal Cratons.