尼日尔三角洲的重力滑动构造

位于南大西洋东岸被动大陆边缘之上的尼日尔三角洲发育一大型重力滑动构造。自非洲大陆向南大西洋方向,该重力滑动构造可以划分出前缘挤压构造变形区和后缘拉张构造变形区。前缘挤压构造变形,形成褶皱冲断带;后缘拉张构造变形,形成堑垒构造;两者之间的过渡带发育滑脱褶皱。三角洲沉积的时代为始新世—第四纪,地层剖面自下而上依次是海相页岩（Akata组）、近海三角洲相砂岩—页岩互层（Agbada组）和陆相冲积砂岩（Benin组）。3个岩石地层单元都是穿时的,向大洋方向变新。重力滑动构造的主滑脱面位于Akata海相页岩中。根据生长地层、不整合以及卷入变形的地层时代,重力滑动构造起始于约12 Ma,伴生有广泛发育的泥构造。重力滑动构造的形成可能与新生代喀麦隆火山带（Cameroon volcanic line）的火山活动有一定的关系。     

子午线弧长反问题新解

针对子午线弧长反解计算过于繁琐的问题,利用复合函数的求导法则,变换变量进行幂级数展开,给出了通项公式,利用Hermite插值原理推导了各参数,借助Mathematica计算机代数系统,得出了这些公式用偏心率e表示的幂级数表达式。经试算其精度在0.001″以上,可供实际使用。     

气候变化对中国水资源情势影响综合分析

介绍了近年在气候变化对中国水资源影响研究方面的若干进展。研究表明,中国水资源问题的产生不仅与人口和社会经济快速发展有联系,更与气候环境的显著变化密切相关;未来的气候变化将会导致一些流域水资源更加短缺和洪涝灾害更加频繁,对流域水资源和可持续发展产生重要影响;在流域水资源综合规划与管理中,应十分重视气候变化的影响问题。     

基于岩爆危险性评价的川藏铁路某深埋硬岩隧道线路方案比选研究

川藏铁路穿越区域地形起伏大,区域地质构造作用强烈,隧道建设中面临的高地应力问题异常复杂,特别是深埋硬岩隧道中的岩爆灾害问题,成为制约选线、设计乃至施工建设的难题。由于隧道工程地质条件复杂,如果岩爆评价指标针对性不强,往往会造成评价结果与实际偏差较大。通过综合分析影响岩爆的关键因素,选取岩石单轴抗压强度与洞壁最大主应力比、洞壁最大切向应力与岩石单轴抗压强度比、岩石强度脆性系数、岩石弹性能指数及岩体完整性系数建立了岩爆评价指标体系。根据熵权法确定各指标权重,基于理想点的基本理论及计算规则,构建了一种岩爆危险性评价模型。通过计算各里程段与理想点的距离,对新建川藏铁路某隧道的3种线路方案进行岩爆风险评估的综合比选。研究结果表明B线路总岩爆段落占比24.9%,其中不可控岩爆段落占比13.4%,比另外两条比选方案低4%左右,综合对比B线路为最优方案。该方法可为深埋硬岩隧道地质综合选线提供必要的科学依据和技术支撑。     

强震作用下黄土隧道洞口段地震动放大效应研究

针对黄土地区山岭隧道面临的强震灾害现实特点,以强震作用下洞口周边土体与隧道结构的地震动放大效应为主要研究目标,通过建立三维数值模型,重点研究不同坡度、坡高与入洞高程模型的坡面高程方向、水平方向以及衬砌结构的加速度与位移响应规律,提出坡面加固区范围和隧道抗震设防长度建议值.研究结果表明:仰坡高度、坡角及进洞高程的变化,均...     

Vertical multiple-layer structure of temperature and turbulent diffusivity in the South China Sea

We report field measurements of vertical profiles of the turbulent diffusivity and temperature at different stations in the South China Sea (SCS). Our study shows that the measured turbulent diffusivity follows a power-law distribution with a varying exponent in water layers. Similar multiple-layer scaling regimes were also observed from the temperature fluctuations. Combining turbulent diffusivity and temperature fluctuations, the vertical structure of temperature was revealed. Furthermore, we discussed the temperature profiles in each layer. A constant function of a dimensionless temperature profile was found in water layers that have identical turbulence conditions. Our results reveal the multiple-layer structure of temperature in the SCS. This study contributes to the understanding of the vertical structure of multiple layers in the SCS and provides clues for exploring the physical mechanism for maintaining the temperature structure.     

纯积云降水与积层混合云降水加热剖面的差异

文章对1991年7月吉林省连续出现的两次较大的、不同性质的降水过程进行了诊断分析与数值模拟。分析发现,7月20日的在暖区中发展起来的中尺度对流复合体纯积云暴雨过程,其视热源(Q1)的垂直剖面呈双峰状;7月21～22日,在稳定的气旋降水中嵌有中尺度积云对流降水,其视热源剖面峰值较低,位于550 hPa左右。模拟结果表明,在不同的天气系统中积云加热剖面的峰值高度是不同的,而这一差异对大尺度环境流场的反馈作用也是不同的。     

Lacustrine sedimentological and geochemical records for the last 170 years of climate and environmental changes in southeastern China

Reconstruction of modern climate and environmental changes in east Asia using inland natural climate archives can provide valuable insights on decadal–multidecadal climate and environmental patterns that are probably related to both natural and anthropogenic forcing. Here we investigated an 89‐cm‐long sediment core (TH1) from Tian Lake, southeastern China, for sedimentological, physical and geochemical parameters in order to understand climate and environmental changes for the latest two centuries. ¹³⁷Cs‐ and ²¹⁰Pb‐based age models show that the fine sand–coarse silt‐dominated core contains ~170 years (c. AD 1842–2011) of continuous sedimentation. Sediments with fine sands, low MS values, high water content, high TOC content and a high C:N ratio from c. AD 1842 to 1897 suggest intense hydrological conditions and strong runoff in the catchment, probably because of a humid climate. From AD 1897 to 1990, sediments with very fine sand and coarse silt, high MS values, low water content and unchanged TOC and C:N ratios indicate normal hydrological conditions and in‐lake algae‐derived organic matter. During this interval, the chemical weathering indicators show stronger weathering conditions compared with sediments deposited during AD 1842–1897, supporting the dominance of weathered surface soil input in the earlier interval and physical erosion dominance in the later period, respectively. Since AD 1990, the continuous decrease of geochemical proxies suggests human‐interacted Earth surface processes in the catchment of Tian Lake. A PCA revealed four dominant geochemical controlling factors – detrital input, trophic status, grain size and early diagenesis –, accounting for 26, 20, 18 and 16% of total variance, respectively. This study for the first time provides lacustrine geochemical evidence for the most recent two centuries of climate and environmental changes in coastal southeastern China, a region that is currently undergoing an inversion of critical zone, i.e. an overturning of its soil profile, owing to swift modernization.     

Strength anisotropy of granular material consisting of perfectly round particles

The strength anisotropy of granular materials deposited under gravity has mostly been attributed to elongated particles' tendency to align long axes along the bedding plane direction. However, recent experiments on near‐spherical glass beads, for which preferred particle alignment is inapplicable, have exhibited surprisingly strong strength anisotropy. This study tests the hypothesis that certain amount of fabric anisotropy caused by the anisotropic stress during deposition under gravity can be locked in a circular‐particle deposit. Such locked‐in fabric anisotropy can withstand isotropic consolidation and leads to significant strength anisotropy. 2D discrete element method simulations of direct shear tests on circular‐particle deposits are conducted in this study, allowing for the monitoring of both stress and fabric. Simulations on both monodispersed and polydispersed circular‐particle samples generated under downward gravitational acceleration exhibit clear anisotropy in shear strength, thereby proving the hypothesis. When using contact normal‐based and void‐based fabric tensors to quantify fabric anisotropy in the material, we find that the intensity of anisotropy is discernible but low prior to shearing and is dependent on the consolidation process and the dispersity of the sample. The fact that samples with very low anisotropy intensity measurements still exhibit fairly strong strength anisotropy suggests that current typical contact normal‐based and void‐based second‐order fabric tensor formulations may not be very effective in reflecting the anisotropic peak shear strength of granular materials. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.