俯冲-增生型造山带增生楔流体研究进展

俯冲－增生型造山带弧前增生楔流体的特点为：盐度低、氯化物含量异常低，并含有丰富的CO2和CH4。流体以扩散式或沿断层带渠道式活动；泥火山、张裂隙充填脉、碳酸盐壳、深海生物群是流体活动的直接体现；流体活动影响着增生楔的内部结构和构造样式；增生楔中流体活动特征的研究对研究造山带的地质演化及矿床成因具有重要意义。     

A numerical method of viscoelastic finite element coupled with spring-block model to simulate the interaction of faults and crustal blocks

A numerical method of viscoelastic finite element coupled with spring-block model is developed to study temporal processes from the slow tectonic motion of large-scale crust to the rapid failure of small-scale faults. Our modeling demonstrates that the motion of crustal blocks is driven by forces from tectonic plate boundaries, and the deformation is distributed on faults for the stress accumulating. The coupling model generates earthquake sequences that display a magnitude-frequency scaling consistent with Gutenberg-Richter law. The frictional heterogeneities affeci earthquakes occurrence and stresses distribution of crustal blocks. Rupture of earthquakes starts at the nucleation node, and propagates bilaterally along faults with the stress triggering, release and redistribution. The failure of faults releases part of crustal stresses, the stress state of crustal blocks near fault is affected by the rupture of local segments on the fault, and the stress state of crustal blocks far away from the fault is controlled by the seismic activity of the whole fault.     

System identification of the Vincent Thomas suspension bridge using earthquake records

The Vincent Thomas Bridge in the Los Angeles metropolitan area, is a critical artery for commercial traffic flow in and out of the Los Angeles Harbor, and is at risk in the seismically active Southern California region, particularly because it straddles the Palos Verdes fault zone. A combination of linear and non‐linear system identification techniques is employed to obtain a complete reduced‐order, multi‐input–multi‐output (MIMO) dynamic model of the Vincent Thomas Bridge based on the dynamic response of the structure to the 1987 Whittier and 1994 Northridge earthquakes. Starting with the available acceleration measurements (which consists of 15 accelerometers on the bridge structure and 10 accelerometers at various locations on its base), an efficient least‐squares‐based time‐domain identification procedure is applied to the data set to develop a reduced‐order, equivalent linear, multi‐degree‐of‐freedom model. Although not the main focus of this study, the linear system identification method is also combined with a non‐parametric identification technique, to generate a reduced‐order non‐linear mathematical model suitable for use in subsequent studies to predict, with good fidelity, the total response of the bridge under arbitrary dynamic environments. Results of this study yield measurements of the equivalent linear modal properties (frequencies, mode shapes and non‐proportional damping) as well as quantitative measures of the extent and nature of non‐linear interaction forces arising from strong ground shaking. It is shown that, for the particular subset of observations used in the identification procedure, the apparent non‐linearities in the system restoring forces are quite significant, and they contribute substantially to the improved fidelity of the model. Also shown is the potential of the identification technique under discussion to detect slight changes in the structure's influence coefficients, which may be indicators of damage and degradation in the structure being monitored. Difficulties associated with accurately estimating damping for lightly damped long‐span structures from their earthquake response are discussed. The technical issues raised in this paper indicate the need for added spatial resolution in sensor instrumentation to obtain identified mathematical models of structural systems with the broadest range of validity. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

GPS网数据处理几个问题

本文指出在GPS网平差中有关精度评定、权的确定以及坐标转换所产生的控制点间隙等存在问题，供研究讨论。     

基于DEM的河流多尺度显示研究

进行了基于DEM的河流多尺度显示方法的研究和试验。采用斯特拉勒算法对河流线进行分级,通过DEM提取河流的高差、集水面积等属性信息,并以此为基础提出了对河流的主支流的自动判别的方法,最终以国家基础地理信息的全国1∶25万数据库为数据源实现了实验区域河流的多尺度显示。     

基于先验知识的GIS路径寻优算法

针对地理信息系统中特定的两点路径寻优问题,提出了一种基于先验知识的快速搜索算法。该算法模拟人脑寻找路径的思维过程,首先针对实际问题建立先验知识库,在路径搜索过程中,利用知识库中的信息剪去不可能的搜索路径,构造出简化的查询树,从而大大提高最优路径的搜索速度。     

Land subsidence caused by groundwater exploitation in Suzhou City,China

Suzhou City, located at the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in southeastern Jiangsu Province, is one of the few cities in China which suffer from severe ground settlement. A research project was carried out to investigate this problem. Geological and hydrogeological studies show that there is a multi-layered aquifer system with three distinct, soft mud layers of marine and lagoonal origins. An examination of historical records of groundwater extraction, water levels, and ground settlement shows that the ground subsidence is associated with the continuously increasing groundwater extraction in the deep, confined aquifer. It is believed that the consolidation of the soft mud layers, especially the third layer which is thick and close to the main pumped aquifer, contributes to the ground settlement. A three-dimensional finite difference numerical model representing the multi-layered aquifer system was developed to study the ground settlement in response to groundwater extraction. By calibrating the model with both the measured groundwater level and ground settlement, the aquifer parameters were estimated. The model outputs fit reasonably well with the observed results, which indicates that the numerical model can reproduce the dynamic processes of both groundwater flow and soil consolidation. The hydraulic conductivity of the third mud layer near the center of the ground settlement has been reduced by over 30% in the last 14 years. The gradual deterioration in the hydraulic conductivity of the mud may have significant adverse effect on the sustainable groundwater resource of the deep confined aquifer, since the recharge from the shallow aquifers through the mud layer is the only source of water to the deep aquifer. An analysis of the spatial distributions of groundwater drawdown and ground settlement shows that the area with maximum drawdown is not necessarily the area with maximum ground settlement due to the occurrence of the soft mud layer. A simple reallocation in pumping rates on the basis of the spatial distribution of the thick mud layer could significantly reduce the ground settlement. Electronic Publication     

天气学和天气预报的研究进展

全面回顾了75年来中国科学院大气物理研究所科研人员在气团、锋面、梅雨、寒潮、阻高、副高、暴雨、高低空急流、亚澳季风区内涡旋和对流等现象的天气学研究进展及其在不同时期所取得的研究成果,总结了在短中期天气预报及短期气候预测领域在模式发展和改进以及在数值模拟等方面所取得的成就和进展.同时指出模式发展和预测在中国数值天气预报及短期气候预测方面所做出的贡献.     

大气遥感与卫星气象学研究的进展与回顾

大气遥感作为大气科学中的重要基础与技术支柱,是20世纪60年代以来迅速发展的一门年轻学科.中国大气科学工作者在这方面也紧密结合国家需求与国际学术前沿,从20世纪60年代开始在理论研究,技术发展与实验研究,以及在气象、环境和国防应用等多方面开展了活跃的研究与发展工作.作者主要对中国科学界在大气遥感与卫星气象学发展方面作简要回顾,并着重介绍中国科学院大气物理研究所在大气遥感的基础与方法研究方面的一些进展,以及对大气遥感发展中的作用.主要内容包括:中国大气遥感的简要发展过程、卫星气象的早期发展、卫星红外遥感的基