近地震波速异常与地震预报

利用较大地震前后的地震波特性变化探索地震预报的途径,是当前地震战线上的一个重要研究课题。地震波的运动学特性及动力学特性在较大地震前后均可能发生一定的变化,本文主要探索地震波运动学特性的变化--波速异常。     

干涉雷达技术用于林分高估测

如何使用遥感手段测量林分高一直是遥感技术积极探索的应用领域之一，雷达干涉测量（InSAR)技术充分利用了雷达数据中的相位信息，从单视复型干涉影像数据对中提取地表高程信息，近年来这一技术取得了快速的发展，得到了广泛的应用，该文利用美国航天飞机SIR－C／X－SAR L波段和C波段数据进行干涉测量处理，并将之应用于林分高估测，首先简要介绍了雷达干涉测量技术的发展及其基本原理，接着总结提出了雷达干涉测量技术估测有效林分高的方法，并将估测结果与实际的外业测定数据进行了比较，采用直接与林缘相差分的方法进行有效林分高的估测，在黑龙江大兴安岭实验区的初步结果说明了雷达干涉处理技术有用于有效林分高估测的潜力，显示了这一技术在林分高估测和林分高生长监测中的巨大应用前景。     

2D MRI和3D MRI序列对直肠癌术前分期诊断的价值研究

目的:评估磁共振二维T2加权自旋回波成像序列(2D-T2WI TSE)与三维T2加权自旋回波成像序列(3D-T2WI TSE,VISTA)两种成像方法在直肠癌术前分期的准确性。方法:采用飞利浦3.0T MR机扫描,由两位放射科医师独立评估,回顾性分析从2016年1月至2016年4月间经病理确诊的33例直肠癌患者的2D-MRI序列及3D VISTA扫描序列图像。运用SPSS统计软件分别分析2D序列及3D VISTA序列对直肠癌术前T、N分期的准确性,并检验诊断结果的一致性。结果:33例病例,医师1与医师2其常规2D和3D VISTA检查序列T分期的准确性分别为70%和85%(P=0.274)及73%和82%(P=0.454),Kappa分别为0.576和0.790及0.618和0.746,3D VISTA序列评估T分期与病理结果的一致性优于2D序列;其N分期的准确性分别为58%和70%(P=0.182)及58%和67%(P=0.218),Kappa分别为0.252和0.407及0.267和0.376,N分期2D及3D VISTA分期与病理结果的一致性较差。结论:2D与3D VISTA序列对直肠癌TN分期的准确性无统计学差异,但是3D VISTA较2D序列在鉴别T2与早期T3及N分期方面有一定潜在优势。      

STUDY ON THE MRF-BASED METHOD FOR DAMAGED BUILDINGS EXTRACTION FROM THE SINGLE-PHASE SEISMIC IMAGE

Earthquake events are one of the most extraordinarily serious natural calamities, which not only cause heavy casualties and economic losses, but also various secondary disasters. Such events are devastating, and have far-reaching influences. As the main disaster bearing body in earthquake, buildings are often seriously damaged, thus it can be used as an important reference for earthquake damage assessment. Identifying damaged buildings from post-earthquake images quickly and accurately is of real importance, which has guidance meaning to rescue and emergency response. At present, the assessment of earthquake damage is mainly through artificial field investigation, which is time-consuming and cannot meet the urgent requirements of rapid emergency response. Markov Random Field(MRF)combines the neighborhood system of pixels with the prior distribution model to effectively describe the dependence between spatial pixels and pixels, so as to obtain more accurate segmentation results. The support vector machine(SVM)model is a simple and clear mathematical model which has a solid theoretical basis; in addition, it also has unique advantages in solving small sample, nonlinear and high-dimensional pattern recognition problems. Thus, in this paper, a Markov random field-based method for damaged buildings extraction from the single-phase seismic image is proposed. The framework of the proposed method has three components. Firstly, Markov Random Field was used to segment the image; then, the spectral and texture features of the post-earthquake damaged building area are extracted. After that, Support Vector Machine was used to extract the damaged buildings according to the extracted features. In order to evaluate the proposed method, 5 areas in ADS40 earthquake remote sensing image were selected as experimental data, this image covers parts of Wenchuan City, Sichuan Province, where an earthquake had struck in 2008. And in order to verify the applicability of this method to different resolution images, an experimental area was selected from different resolution images obtained by the same equipment. The experimental results show that the proposed method has good performance and could effectively identify the damaged buildings after the earthquake. The average overall accuracy of the selected experimental areas is 93.02%. Compared with the result extracted by the widely used eCognition software, the proposed method is simpler in operation and can improve the extraction accuracy and running time significantly. Therefore, it has significant meaning for both emergency rescue work and accurate disaster information providing after earthquake.     

最小剪力系数及其调整方法对超高层建筑地震响应的影响

超高层结构地震剪力响应由振型分解反应谱法得到的结果经常不能满足规定的最小剪力系数要求。为此,文章简述剪力系数的概念和调整方法,以具有不同剪力系数的两个模型对比分析结构弹性、弹塑性地震响应差异,探讨剪力系数对超高层结构地震响应的影响。以通过强度和刚度调整使最小剪力系数满足规范要求的两个模型,分析不同调整方法引起的结构响应的合理性。结果表明:满足最小剪力系数的结构的弹性基底剪力大、层间位移角较小,结构的弹塑性位移响应也较小,受力状态优于不满足最小剪力系数的结构,安全性得到了提高。结构弹性倾覆力矩需求和弹塑性基底剪力按刚度调整大于按强度调整;结构弹塑性最大顶点位移和层间位移角响应相差不大,但出现刚度大\,层间位移角也大的与抗震理论相悖的情况;在满足抗震要求的情况下,构件的受力状态则是按强度调整更优,构件截面更加经济合理。     

考虑残损的古建木结构地震易损性分析

现役古建木结构普遍存在残损现象,这将影响结构的抗震性能。本文以北京故宫的咸福宫西配殿为研究对象,通过简化其屋顶、斗拱、榫卯和柱脚节点建立结构的理想模型,并在此基础上考虑材料老化和节点性能降低等因素建立其残损现状模型。通过地震易损性分析,得到古建木结构的地震易损性曲线并进行理想和残损结构的震害等级及其发生概率对比。研究结果表明:残损现象降低了咸福宫西配殿的刚度和自振频率;相比于理想结构,咸福宫西配殿残损结构在小震作用下发生轻微损坏的概率增大21.1%,在中震作用下发生中等破坏的概率增大3.7%,大震作用下发生严重破坏的概率增大10.6%;咸福宫西配殿在大震作用下发生倒塌的概率很小,体现了木结构具有良好的抗震性能。     

不同干扰条件下纳帕海湿地植物群落优势种群的生态位

2011年5、7、10月在纳帕海湖滨湿地选择3种不同人为干扰生境类型,每个干扰生境布设3个固定样方,对湖滨湿地植物群落中主要种群的空间生态位和季节特征进行研究.结果表明:在3种干扰水平维度上,春、夏、秋3个季节湖滨湿地植物生态位宽度指数前4位由大到小变化的顺序分别是:春季:绵毛酸模叶蓼(0.9731) >华扁穗草(0.8040) >平车前(0.6468) >毛果弹裂碎米荠(0.5021);夏季:平车前(0.8674) >荠(0.8581) >华扁穗草(0.8440) >绵毛酸模叶蓼(0.7814);秋季:华扁穗草(0.9698) >绵毛酸模叶蓼(0.7730) >平车前(0.6650) >西南委陵菜(0.6647).因此,湖滨湿地植物的生态位宽度在不同干扰水平上会随着季节的变化出现显著的改变.同样,生态位重叠和生态位分化随着季节的变化也会发生明显的改变,其中春、秋季的生态位重叠程度低,分化程度高,且春季较秋季略强,而夏季的生态位重叠程度高且分化程度低.这些结果为揭示纳帕海湖滨湿地植物群落格局与动态及人为干扰影响生物多样性的生态过程提供了基础资料,同时为进一步深入研究不同人为干扰下湖滨湿地植物群落中主要种群敏感性反应的规律提供了科学依据.     

青藏铁路错那湖段沙漠化土地变化及成因分析

青藏铁路格拉段铁路建设对沿线沙漠化土地变化的影响,是大家关注的焦点之一。通过利用地理信息系统和遥感监测技术,根据错那湖段Landsat影像、Google Earth影像和气象资料等数据,结合野外实地考察建立解译标志,采用人机交互的目视解译方法,提取青藏铁路错那湖段2001年、2008年和2015年沙漠化土地信息,并对沙漠化土地变化成因进行分析。同时对铁路沿线沙漠化土地的变化进行缓冲区分析。结果表明：（1） 2001—2008年沙漠化土地面积增加2.21 km²,土地沙漠化程度呈减轻趋势;2008—2015年沙漠化土地面积减少8.9 km²,土地沙漠化程度持续减轻。（2） 2001—2008年,沙漠化土地面积的增加主要与人为因素有关,土地沙漠化程度减轻主要与自然因素有关。2008—2015年,沙漠化土地面积的减少以及土地沙漠化程度的减轻主要与人为因素有关。（3） 青藏铁路错那湖段2 km范围内土地沙漠化程度变化最为明显,以沙漠化程度减轻为主要特征,青藏铁路对周边环境的影响范围为2 km。     

汶川地震前后红河断裂闭锁程度和滑动亏损研究

以1998～2007年和2009～2017年中国大陆水平GPS速度场为约束,基于块体-位错模型,研究2008年汶川地震前后红河断裂运动特征。结果表明,汶川地震后红河断裂平均右旋走滑速率约为4.5 mm/a,其北段走滑速率增大明显,中段次之,而南段明显减弱;倾滑速率北段减弱明显,中段和南段有所减弱。汶川地震后红河断裂闭锁程度和滑动亏损中、北段都有所增加,南段减弱较大;近期红河断裂滑动亏损北段达到10 mm/a以上,中段也在5～8 mm/a,平均闭锁深度在20 km左右。分析认为,汶川地震对红河断裂中、北段影响较小,南段影响较大。     

Evaluation of mountain slope stability considering the impact of geological interfaces using discrete fractures model

The stability of rock slope is often controlled by the existing discontinuous surfaces, such as discrete fractures, which are ubiquitously distributing in a geological medium. In contrast with the traditional approaches used in soil slope with a continuous assumption, the simulation methods of jointed rock slope are different from that of in soil slope. This paper presents a study on jointed rock slope stability using the proposed discontinuous approach, which considers the effects of discrete fractures. Comparing with traditional methods to model fractures in an implicit way, the presented approach provides a method to simulate fractures in an explicit way, where grids between rock matrix and fractures are independent. To complete geometric components generation and mesh partition for the model, the corresponding algorithms were devised. To evaluate the stability state of rock slope quantitatively, the strength reduction method was integrated into our analysis framework. A benchmark example was used to verify the validation of the approach. A jointed rock slope, which contains natural fractures, was selected as a case study and was simulated regarding the workflow of our framework. It was set up in the light of the geological condition of the site. Slope stability was evaluated under different loading conditions with various fracture patterns. Numerical results show that fractures have significant contributions to slope stability, and different fracture patterns would lead to different shapes of the slip surface. The devised method has the ability to calculate a non-circular slip surface, which is different from a circular slip surface obtained by classical methods.