Critical roles of convective momentum transfer in sustaining the multi-scale Madden–Julian oscillation

To understand the nature and role of multi-scale interaction involved in the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), a dynamical model is built based on two essential processes: the convective complex of the MJO modulates the strength and location of synoptic-scale motions, which in turn feed back to the MJO through the convective momentum transfer (CMT). Our results exhibit that: (1) The lower tropospheric easterly CMT coming from the 2-day waves slows down the MJO dramatically; (2) although the lower tropospheric westerly CMT coming from the superclusters can produce the horizontal quadrupole vortex and vertical westerly wind-burst structures of the MJO, it drives the large-scale motions to propagate eastward too fast; (3) the planetary boundary layer provides an instability source for the MJO and pulls the MJO to propagate eastward at a speed of 0～10?ms^?1; and (4) the optimal structure of the multi-scale MJO should be: the stronger superclusters/2-day waves prevail in the rear/front part of the MJO and produce lower tropospheric westerly/easterly CMT there. These theoretical results emphasize the role of CMT and encourage further observations in the multi-scale MJO.     

Decreasing trend of sunshine hours and related driving forces in Southwestern China

Total hours of sunshine are one of the most important factors affecting climate and environment, and its long-term variation is of much concern in climate studies. Trends of temporal and spatial patterns in sunshine hours and related climatic factors over southwestern China are evaluated for the period 1961–2009 based on data from 111 standard meteorological stations. The results showed that southwestern China is experiencing a statistical decrease of sunshine hours, at the rate of 31.9 h/10a during 1961–2009. The decline was particularly strong in summer, whereas it is nonsignificant in winter. Spatially, statistically significant decreases of sunshine hours mainly occurred in lower altitude regions, especially in the Sichuan basin and Guizhou plateau. Sunshine hours have a high correlation with wind speed, relative humidity, precipitation, cloud cover, surface downwards solar radiation flux, and cloud water content, with wind speed showing the strongest relationship to sunshine hours, implicit in the close correlation (temporally and spatially) between the two variables. Changing water vapor and cloud cover influence sunshine hours in southwestern China. In addition, the increased surface downwards solar radiation flux also made some contribution to a rise of sunshine hours during 1991–2009. The larger decreasing trends of sunshine hours at urban stations than rural stations may reflect the effect of urbanization on sunshine hours. Variations are dominated by the comprehensive functions of multiple factors owing to the complex nature of effects on sunshine hours.     

气象干旱时空表达方式的探讨

为了对气象干旱时空表达方式进行探讨,提出了气象干旱时间面积函数的概念及其表达式MD(Meteorological Drought),并利用1952年1月1日-2010年5月31日云南省全部站点逐日降水、气温观测数据计算得到的干旱CI指数,计算和分析了MD的时间分布。结果表明:(1)MD可客观、准确地表达近60年来云南发生干旱的过程和强度,解决了以往确定气象干旱事件时对持续时间和面积大小界定的主观性和不确定性,MD不仅可以完整地描述和比较有气象记录以来历史上的干旱事件,还可以连续滚动描述每个干旱过程的演变;(2)MD计算结果表明,1952-2010年云南干旱较严重的年份是:1959,1963,1966,1969,1974,1979,1984和2010年,其中,2010年为近60年来最旱的一年,干旱发生的时间比其他干旱较严重年份平均提前了90天左右,形成秋、冬、春和初夏连旱的罕见气候事件。     

S波段多普勒天气雷达非降水气象回波识别

在气象条件为晴空或有云但无降水的情况下,在雷达站附近经常可观测到大面积的非降水气象回波,这些回波对定量估测降水和雷达资料同化效果产生重要影响。为了有效识别这些非降水回波,该文发展了基于模糊逻辑识别和回波分块的非降水气象回波识别算法 (NPMDA)。该文首先利用地面和卫星资料为标准,提出了非降水回波的确定标准,并利用北京SA雷达,对非降水气象回波特性进行了统计分析,得到了隶属函数。在非降水回波识别时首先采用SCIT算法将回波组合成片,然后对整个PPI进行初步的判断。对不能初步判断为降水的PPI,采用模糊逻辑的方法计算成片回波的属性值,依据成片回波的属性值得到片内回波逐点识别时的阈值,从而实现了回波的动态阈值识别。结果表明:对大部分非降水气象回波识别效果较好,对较强降水回波误判较少,弱降水回波有时会出现一定的误判。与NCAR使用的ICADA方法相比,NPMDA方法能明显提高非降水回波的识别率,减少降水回波的误判率。     

铁路调度信息机房与轨道测速系统防雷设计方案

山西省大同市大秦铁路湖东车站信息调度机房由于没有按照防雷规范的要求安装外部防雷装置和内部防雷装置,因此每年雷雨季节都要不同程度地遭受雷击损失,本文主要是从直击雷防护、电源系统感应雷防护、轨道测速系统等电位接地等方面按照现代综合防雷的要求提出设计方案。     

BCC_CSM1.1对10年尺度全球及区域温度的预测研究

近期10～30年时间尺度的年代际预测是第五次耦合模式国际比较计划(CMIP5)重要内容之一。按照CMIP5试验要求, 国家气候中心利用气候系统模式BCC_CSM1.1完成并提交了年代际试验结果。本文评估了该模式年代际试验对10年尺度全球及区域地表温度的预测能力, 并通过与20世纪历史气候模拟试验的对比分析, 研究模式模拟对海洋初始观测状态的依赖程度。分析结果表明:(1)在有、无海洋初始化条件下, 模式均能模拟出1960～2005年间全球10年平均实测地表温度的变暖趋势, 但在有海洋初始化条件下, 可以明显减小BCC_CSM1.1模式模拟的全球升温趋势, 使得年代际试验比历史试验的结果更接近观测值。这一特点在观测资料相对丰富的南北纬50°以内地区更为显著。(2)在年代际试验预测前期, 通过Nudging方法, 利用SODA再分析海洋温度资料对模式进行初始化, 经过前期8～12月的协调后, 模式预测的第1年南北纬50°范围海洋、陆面的平均地表气温接近于观测值(CRUTEM3, HadSST2)。由于模式初值SODA再分析SST资料与HadSST2观测值存在明显的全球大洋系统暖偏差以及模式本身系统偏差的影响, 年代际试验模拟的地表气温在2～7年之内, 从观测SST状态逐渐恢复到模式系统本身状态。在同组Decadal试验中, 陆面和海洋恢复调整的时间长度几乎一致。(3) 从10年平均气候异常在区域尺度上的预报技巧来看, 有、无海洋初始同化对预测结果影响不大, 高预测技巧区主要分布在南半球印度洋中高纬度、热带西太平洋以及热带大西洋区域。(4)SST变化与下垫面热通量密切相关, 在热带和副热带海洋区域, 长波辐射和感热通量是影响10年时间尺度SST变化较大的物理量, 在中高纬度海洋, 洋面温度变化主要受潜热通量的影响相对较大。     

基于地闪数据的雷电流幅值累积频率公式探讨

利用2007年和2008年浙江省气象部门闪电定位系统的地闪监测数据,应用Matlab数学软件中的曲线拟合工具箱,以最小二乘法原理对IEEE推荐公式和我国规程推荐公式进行最优化拟合,得出前者拟合效果优于后者的结论。通过分析IEEE推荐公式计算结果与实际值之间的相对误差,发现正闪雷电流幅值累积频率在(1kA,270kA)范围内相对误差绝对值较小,最大不超过10%;而负闪雷电流幅值累积频率在(-1kA,-300kA)范围内相对误差绝对值较大,最大值约为38%。针对上述情况,利用数学软件拟合出负闪(-1kA,-300kA)相对误差曲线的近似函数,修正了原累积频率公式,大幅度减小了其相对误差。其适用范围也从原来的(2kA,200kA)放宽至正闪(1kA,270kA)、负闪(-1kA,-300kA)。     

GPS-RTK用于矿山高精度沉陷监测的可行性研究

针对复杂地表条件下采用水准测量和导线测量等常规方式进行地表变形周期观测、任务量大甚至无法实施等问题,提出了建立研究区域的似大地水准面精化模型,同时采用GPS-RTK技术获取观测站三维空间信息,进而获得概率积分法预计参数。最后以内蒙古准格尔旗某煤矿的生产实践说明该技术的有效性和可行性,极大地提高了工作效率,为保护煤柱的留设提供了科学的依据。     

复杂战场电磁态势三维可视化研究

战场电磁环境的透明化及其态势可视化是一个急需解决的问题。分析复杂战场电磁环境可视化构建内容,针对不同军用电磁辐射特点,介绍体绘制和基于粒子系统的电磁态势可视化方法,实现地理环境和电磁环境的一体化显示,为指挥员提供及时、全面动态的电磁态势信息。     

Natural occurrence of reidite in the Xiuyan crater of China

The high‐pressure minerals of reidite and coesite have been identified in the moderately shock‐metamorphosed gneiss (shock stage II, 35–45 GPa) and the strongly shock‐metamorphosed gneiss (shock stage III, 45–55 GPa), respectively, from the polymict breccias of the Xiuyan crater, a simple impact structure 1.8 km in diameter in China. Reidite in the shock stage II gneiss displays lamellar textures developed in parental grains of zircon. The phase transformation of zircon to reidite likely corresponds to a martensitic mechanism. No coesite is found in the reidite‐bearing gneiss. The shock stage III gneiss contains abundant coesite, but no reidite is identified in the rock. Coesite occurs as acicular, dendritic, and spherulitic crystals characteristic of crystallization from shock‐produced silica melt. Zircon in the rock is mostly recrystallized. The postshock temperature in the shock stage III gneiss is too high for the preservation of reidite, whereas reidite survives in the shock stage II gneiss because of relatively low postshock temperature. Reidite does not occur together with coesite because of difference in shock‐induced temperature between the shock stage II gneiss and the shock stage III gneiss.