Identification of non‐linear stress–strain–time relationship of soils using genetic algorithm

Recognition of non‐linear constitutive rock/soil model from experimental results is often multi‐modal in the large parameter space. A genetic evolution algorithm is thus proposed for its recognition, including that of structure of the model and coefficients in the model. The structure of the model can be firstly determined according to mechanical mechanism if the mechanism is clearly understood or searched by using evolutionary algorithm. The coefficients to be determined are then searched in global optional space. With the new evolutionary algorithm, the non‐linear stress–strain–time constitutive law to describe strain softening behaviours of diatomaceous soil under consolidated and undrained state was recognized by learning stress–strain–time behaviour of an intact sample under consolidated pressure of σ_c=0.1 MPa and strain velocity of_a=0.175%/min. This model gave reasonable prediction for diatomaceous soils under varying consolidated pressures (0.1–3.5 MPa) and strain velocities (0.0044–1.75%/min). It indicates that the methodology proposed in this paper is robust enough and strongly attractive for recognition of non‐linear constitutive model of soil and rock materials. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Energy Analysis and Experiment of Breaking Cobalt-Rich Crust

The uniaxial compressive breaking process of energy of deep-sea Cobalt-Rich Crust was selected as researching content, and the calculation of energy conversion of breaking Cobalt-Rich Crust under loading and unloading conditions was described in detail, and also the specimens of Cobalt-Rich Crust were tested in rock mechanical testing system under the specified stressing paths. From experimental data, the elastic energy, the dissipated energy and the total inputting energy of unloading points were analyzed systematically. The conclusions are as follows: (1) the specimens of Cobalt-Rich Crust are anisotropic rock, and different testing specimens need to load different axial forces to break, and the maximum of axial force is 8KN, and the minimum is 5KN; (2) when increasing the axial force, the elastic energy, the dissipated energy and the total inputting energy of the unloading points increased nonlienearly; (3) Cobalt-Rich Crust is not the same with other ordinary elastic rock, the elastic energy is lower than the corresponding dissipated energy, and with the increasing of the axial force, the difference between two values becomes more and more.     

Experimental Study of Mechanical Characteristics of Cobalt-Rich Crusts Under Different Temperatures

Experimental study of mechanical characteristics of Cobalt-Rich Crusts was conducted by MTS815 rock mechanical testing system and MTS615 environmental chamber under temperatures of 0–150 DEG C. The relationships between temperature and peak force, peak strain, elastic modulus and other parameters are analyzed systematically. Results show that there are different mechanical properties for Cobalt-Rich Crusts under different temperatures. With the increasing of temperature, the peak force and peak strain also are gradually reduced, and the changing amplitude is not a strict linear relationship, with the changing of temperature, the amplitude of the changing is or more or less nonlinear. When the temperature is 0 or 25 DEG C, the elastic modulus of Cobalt-Rich Crusts is nearly equal, but when the temperature changes from 25 to 150 DEG C, the elastic modulus increases with the increasing of temperature. Therefore, the researching work can provide a new idea for deep-sea mining engineering, and also be a theoretical basis for deep-sea mining.     

天津海岸带的研究现状

天津作为环渤海经济区的中心城市,海岸带的建设及合理开发是经济发展的重要基础。总结了天津海岸带的特点和研究现状,阐述了海岸带调查的技术方法以及研究内容,结合天津海岸带地区发展的内部条件和外部环境,提出了天津海岸带地区发展的基本特征和存在的问题,针对发展中的问题,提出了天津海岸带地区发展的方向。     

底栖有孔虫壳貌微观特征对海域低氧及酸化环境指示的研究进展

受人类活动和全球变化的影响,河口和近海海域的低氧以及酸化等环境问题日益突出,近年来已成为科学研究的热点问题并受到社会广泛关注。本文通过梳理底栖有孔虫壳貌微观特征对海域低氧及酸化环境指示的研究现状,总结了壳体特征（壳径和壳重）、壳孔特征（密度、孔径、形态）、壳饰（牙突、瘤状物、脐翼）、壳面溶蚀及壳体重新钙化所引起的房室畸变等指标应用的理论基础和方法技术,并分析了影响结果的各种干扰因素,指出了在研究中若干需要注意的问题和研究方向,提出了一些具有可操作性的建议,为更好地将其应用于近岸海域低氧和酸化环境的研究中并推进至地质历史时期此类古环境的演化研究提供参考。     

福建省2018年3-6月干旱环流的变化特征

利用福建省66个气象站逐日降水资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和NOAA逐日OLR资料,分析福建省2018年3—6月干旱事件的大尺度环流及其变化特征。结果表明：福建省2018年3—6月降水均偏少,暴雨日偏少,持续性暴雨过程弱,导致严重气象干旱。受拉尼娜的滞后影响,福建处在下沉气流中心,阻塞高压偏弱,西太平洋副热带高压较常年偏弱、偏南、偏东,福建处于水汽通量辐散异常中心区,这是造成福建该时段干旱的环流背景。环流变化显示,前期的阻塞高压、副热带高压和热带对流北传均不活跃,导致暴雨日偏少,干旱发展;后期环流呈现阶段性振荡特征,南北系统的有效配合为持续性暴雨发生提供了有利的环流条件,干旱得以缓解。     

渤海海峡客滚船海难事故与大风事件关系分析

针对1999～2005年渤海海峡发生的6起客滚船海难事故,利用长岛气象站观测资料,统计得出了引发海难事故的3种风力条件。结果表明:海难事故与冷空气活动密切相关,客滚船遇险后遇到最大风力7级、极大风力大于等于9级时海上救援很困难;10月—翌年5月为在渤海海峡约三分之一的时间内有可能发生海难事故,10～11月为海难多发期。