矿床成矿系列——五论矿床的成矿系列问题

矿床的成矿系列(简称成矿系列)是矿床学领域的一个理论性概念,由五级序次组成。矿床成矿系列是成矿系列的第二序次,是成矿系列的核心部分。矿床成矿系列的划分,以岩浆、沉积、变质、表生和流体(非岩浆-非变质成因流体)5种成矿作用为基本原则,以成矿地质环境为基础,结合成矿的时段与形成的矿床组合进行划分。本文对矿床成矿系列时空范围、时空组成结构、矿化强度与演化、成矿区带内不同矿床成矿系列之间的演化、叠加和复合作用及对指导找矿的意义进行了论述。     

夏季辽东湾西部海域大型底栖动物群落结构与多样性

为了解夏季辽东湾西部海域大型底栖动物群落结构与多样性,作者于2009年8月对六股河口外海域15个站位进行了大型底栖动物调查。整个研究海域共采到大型底栖动物124种,其总平均丰度为(2824±1537)个/m2,总平均生物量为(22.01±38.58)g/m2。利用相对重要性指数和优势度指数所确定的前三位优势种一致,分别为二齿半尖额涟虫(Hemileucon bidentatus)、深钩毛虫(Sigambra bassi)和独指虫(Aricidea fragilis),其余优势种存在细微差异。各站位香农-维纳多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Margalef丰富度指数均呈现河口和中部海域低,近岸和外围海域高的分布规律。在50%相似度水平上,可将研究海域划分为4个群落。研究结果表明:研究海域底栖环境整体清洁,底层水环境因子对大型底栖动物群落的影响较弱。     

Comprehensive analyses of the initiation and landslide-generated wave processes of the 24 June 2015 Hongyanzi landslide at the Three Gorges Reservoir,China

Reservoir landslides pose a great threat to shipping safety, human lives and properties, and the operation of the hydropower station. In this paper, the 24 June 2015 Hongyanzi landslide at the Three Gorges Reservoir is considered as an example to study the initiation mechanism and landslide-generated wave process of a reservoir landslide. The finite difference method and limit equilibrium analysis are used to analyze the deformation and failure characteristics of the Hongyanzi slope. Simulation results show that a large deformation (about 358 mm) happens in the shallow deposits under intermittent rainfall condition, and the slope is in a limit state. At the same time, continuous rapid drawdown of the water level (about ?0.55 m/day during 8–24 June 2015) reduced the support and accelerated the drainage of the water for the bank slope. A coupling effect of intermittent rainfall and rapid drawdown of the water level was the triggering factor of the 24 June Hongyanzi landslide. Landslide-generated wave process was simulated using a fluid–solid coupling method by integrating the general moving object collision model. Simulation results show that the landslide-generated wave is dominated by the impulse wave, which is generated by sliding masses entering the river with high speed. The maximum wave height is about 5.90 m, and the wave would decay gradually as it spreads because of friction and energy dissipation. To prevent reservoir landslides, the speed for the rising or drawdown of the water level should be controlled, and most importantly, rapid drawdown should be avoided.     

内蒙古巴林右旗晚二叠世埃达克质火山岩特征及其地质意义

内蒙古东南部巴林右旗地区发育晚二叠世埃达克质火山岩,岩石组合为安山岩、粗安岩、英安岩及辉石安山岩,其LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果为256.7±2.7Ma,指示其形成于晚二叠世。地球化学特征显示,该套火山岩属准铝质-弱铝质中钾钙碱性岩石系列,具富Si(SiO_256%)、高Al(Al_2O_315%)、富Na、贫K、高Sr、低Yb和Y等特征,Na_2O/K_2O值为2.33~3.90,Mg~#值为35.3~60.8;稀土元素总量为96.69×10~(-6)~192.4×10~(-6)、轻重稀土元素分馏较明显((La/Yb)_N值为6.27~13.82),具正的Eu(δEu=1~1.67)异常,在原始地幔标准化蛛网图中,富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、U,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta,为O型(大洋型)埃达克质火山岩地球化学特征。综合区域资料,巴林右旗埃达克质火山岩是残留在地幔中的古亚洲洋残余洋壳部分熔融并受到地幔橄榄岩混染形成的,暗示晚二叠世存在古亚洲洋向华北板块俯冲消亡事件。     

新疆西昆仑奥尔托喀讷什锰矿地质、地球化学及成因

近年来,西昆仑玛尔坎苏地区富锰矿找矿取得重大突破,新发现奥尔托喀纳什等大型锰矿床。该矿床层位稳定,厚度较大,Mn平均品位达35%以上,为中国最富的碳酸锰矿床,属于典型的海相沉积型锰矿床。锰矿体主要赋存于晚石炭世喀拉阿特河组地层中,该组岩性为一套浅海碳酸盐岩台地相沉积建造组合,可划分为台内浅滩、潮坪、开阔台地、局限台地等4个相类型。成矿分为三个期次,第一期为沉积成岩成矿期,矿石矿物由菱锰矿、锰方解石、硼锰矿组成;第二期为热液改造期,形成锰镁绿泥石、红锰矿、硫锰矿、锰方解石(脉)、重结晶菱锰矿、蔷薇辉石及滑石、石膏等;第三期为表生氧化期,发育少量软锰矿、水锰矿、硬锰矿等。锰矿石具有较低的Fe/Mn比值、V/(V+Ni)比值和强烈的Ce正异常,表明Mn是在氧化环境下,以氧化物或氢氧化物的形式沉积富集。含锰岩系顶、底板岩石中含较多成熟度较差的中酸性火山岩岩屑,以及具有较低Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)、Y/Ho、Co/Ni比值的锰矿石,说明其成矿物质来源于海底热水活动。奥尔托喀纳什锰矿具有"内源外生"的特点,锰矿石及菱锰矿具有负的δ~(13)C值(-23.3‰～-13.2‰),表明锰矿经历了先成锰氧化物或氢氧化物、再被还原转化成菱锰矿的过程。此外,有机质所导致的更为强烈的还原作用是本矿床富锰矿形成的重要机制。后期构造叠加致使矿体发生变形,矿体形态受褶皱控制。矿石受到强烈改造,形成锰镁绿泥石、红锰矿、蔷薇辉石等,晚期经历氧化淋滤作用形成软锰矿、水锰矿等。     

甘肃省龙首山芨岭铀矿床成矿热液流体特征研究

芨岭铀矿是中国北方最典型的钠交代型铀矿床之一,文章通过对芨岭矿床ZKJ9-4钻孔深部所见含矿蚀变闪长岩、近矿蚀变闪长岩、远矿蚀变闪长岩、闪长岩原岩地球化学特征和组分迁移计算及矿体中心部位的淡粉红色方解石脉流体包裹体特征、均一温度、盐度和激光拉曼光谱研究,认为芨岭钠交代型铀矿床的成矿流体含有大量碳酸铀酰络合物[UO_2(CO_3)_2]~(2–)和[UO_2(CO_3)_2]~(4–)的同时还含有丰富的SiO_2、Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Fe~(2+)、Mn~(2+)、∑REE、U、Th、Ga、Sr、Zr、Ba、Rb、Nb、Mo、Cd、Sn、Hf、Ti、Ta、CO_2、H_2S和CH_4等组分,成矿流体具有较强的还原性,并对MnO、K_2O、Cr和Co具有较强的交代溶蚀作用。成矿流体是起源于岩浆演化晚期的再平衡岩浆水,热液温度为(300±20)℃,盐度为2.99 wt%~4.57 wt%NaCl,密度为0.75~0.77 g/cm~3。流体沸腾是芨岭钠交代型铀矿成矿物质的早期卸载机制,晚期成矿流体中加入了大量的大气降水,流体混合作用进一步促进了成矿物质的卸载。     

东营凹陷沙河街组碳酸盐胶结物成因机制

正碳酸盐矿物是砂岩储层中主要的成岩产物之一。碳酸盐胶结物较为活跃,其溶蚀及沉淀广泛发育于砂岩储层内。碳酸盐的溶蚀及沉淀是砂岩储层改造的重要成因之一。明确碳酸盐胶结物的成因机制对预测深部储层具有重要的意义。本次研究,采用铸体薄片及扫描电镜观察,明确碳酸盐胶结物的产状。对不同产状碳酸盐胶结物的分布、     

北斗三号组网卫星数据质量分析及单系统定轨精度初步评估

选取2018-01-23起10 d内16个iGMAS测站观测数据,对北斗三号卫星的观测数据质量及BDS单系统精密定轨精度进行评估。初步结果表明,老信号B1I、B3I北斗三号卫星的信噪比略强于二号卫星,噪声与多路径基本相当,均在0.1 m量级,新卫星不存在星内多路径偏差。新信号B1C/L1/E1频点GPS信噪比最强,Galileo和BDS卫星相当,B2a/L5/E5a和B2b/E5b各系统基本相当;噪声及多路径方面,B1C/L1/E1频点GPS优于BDS、Galileo卫星0.1 m量级,B2a/L5/E5a和B2b/E5b各系统基本相当,均在0.1 m量级,新信号中北斗三号卫星星内多路径偏差基本消失。单系统精密定轨试验中,分别进行有/无GEO卫星策略、太阳光压模型ECOM 五/九参数策略的比较,并使用卫星激光测距数据进行独立检核。初步结果表明,有GEO卫星、ECOM五参数光压模型的定轨精度最好,C19号卫星7个重叠弧段的平均定轨精度在沿迹向、法向、径向的精度分别为32 cm、16 cm、8 cm,与试验卫星的定轨精度基本相当。     

Effects of Seawater Acidification on Early Development of Clam Cyclina sinensis

Anthropogenic emission of atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO_2) has led to a rapid increase in atmospheric CO_2 concentration. Increasing atmospheric CO_2 can reduce seawater pH and carbonate ions, which may adversely affect the survival of the larvae of calcareous animals. Cyclina sinensis is a commercially and ecologically important species in several Asian countries. Living in coast shallow waters, this species has experienced the coastal environmental changes frequently throughout its life cycle. In this study, we simulated possible future seawater pH values including 8.2, 7.8 and 7.4 and examined the effects of ocean acidification on the early development of C. sinensis. Clam embryos were incubated for 48 h(2 d) in control and high-CO_2 seawater to compare embryogenesis, larval growth and swimming behavior. Fertilization rate was quite sensitive to pH, and moderate acidification could induce a significant decrease in fertilization rate. However, only extreme acidification could bring significant negative effect to hatching rate, body size, and average path velocity of trochophora. Moreover, with seawater acidification, C. sinensis needs much more time to reach the same developmental stage, which increases the risk of larva survival. Together with recent studies demonstrating negative impacts of high CO_2 on fertilization and larva swimming behavior, the results imply a future decrease of C. sinensis populations in oceans if its acclimation to the predicted environmental alteration does not occur.