西北干旱区夏季强干、湿事件降水环流及水汽输送的再分析

为深入分析西北内陆干旱区夏季降水的主要水汽源地及其输送通道,首先,梳理和评述了过去50年西北干旱区水汽输送的研究进展和问题;接着,利用国家气象局信息中心近50年的实测降水及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料等,挑选更多有代表性的强干、湿日(月)事件,再进行环流和水汽输送的对比分析。主要结论如下:(1)过去西北干旱区各地的干、湿环流研究共识多,进展快;而水汽输送分析依旧众说纷纭。(2)过去的水汽输送分析联系降水环流不够;针对西北干旱区降水特点不够;还应加进数值模拟等分析手段。(3)在本文诊断分析和先前数值模拟基础上,指出西北内陆旱区夏季降水的主要水汽源地在东南沿海一带,它借助西行台风、西伸了的西太平洋副热带高压及柴达木低压等多个天气系统和西太平洋副热带高压西南侧东南风急流、西侧南风低空急流及河西偏东风等三支气流的次第密切配合,首先,水汽被输送到四川盆地;接着,被北输到西北区东部;继而,再被接力西输到河西走廊及南疆盆地东部。谓之"三支气流+两个中转站的三棒接力"式水汽输送模型。它是夏季输向西北内陆旱区的主要水汽输送通道。     

Status and prospect of 3D inversions in EM geophysics

1.Current status Three-dimensional(3D)inversion of geophysical EM data is generally underdetermined,non-linear,and of large-scale that is very difficult to solve by optimization.In the past two decades,with the advancement of computational equipment and numerical algorithms,3D geophysical EM inversion has made great progress.Numerous inversion codes and platforms based on the regularizations have been successfully developed and are being widely used in the industry and scientific research.The development of 3D EM inversions mainly involve the following aspects.     

Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb age, geochemical, Sr-Nd isotopic, and in-situ Hf isotopic data of the Late Carboniferous-Early Permian plutons in the northern margin of the North China Craton

The main rock types of the Boluonuo and Daguangding plutons are diorite, quartz diorite, tonalite, granodiorite, and subordinate plagioclase-bearing hornblendite and hornblende gabbro. Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating for a quartz diorite of the Boluonuo pluton suggests that the pluton was emplaced at about 296±4 Ma. Plagioclase-bearing hornblendites show typical cumulative textures, which, in combination with their convex-upward REE patterns and the large variation of compatible elements such as Co, V and Sc, suggests that these hornblendites formed through accumulation of hornblende during magma evolution. Microgranular mafic enclaves (MMEs) are common in the Boluonuo and Daguangding intermediate to felsic plutons. Many plagioclase grains show compositional and textural disequilibrium, with calcium-rich cores (An 46-50 ) mantled abruptly by sodium-rich plagioclase (An 26-33 ). Whole-rock samples of the plutons are characterized by quite negative ε Nd (t) values (-16.5 to -11.8) and ε Hf (t) values (-22.5 to-16.8), and the ε Nd (t) values are negatively correlated with silica contents. All these features suggest that the intermediate to felsic plutons formed through magma mixing of enriched mantle-derived, evolved basaltic magma with granitic, crustal melts, followed by fractional crystallization of mainly hornblende and small amounts of pyroxene, apatite and zircon. The hornblende-dominated fractionation contributed significantly to the adakite-like features of the intermediate to felsic plutons, like the high Sr and Sr/Y ratios and low Yb abundance. In addition, the Boluonuo and Daguang- ding plutons are highly enriched in LILEs (e.g., Ba and Sr), but depleted in HFSEs (e.g., Nb, Zr and Ti), which is typical of arc magmas. Therefore, the formation of Boluonuo and Daguangding plutons was probably related to the subduction of the Paleo-Asian oceanic slab beneath the North China Craton in the Paleozoic.     

辽宁地区大气可降水量与降水关系的研究

当大气可降水量(precipitable water vapor,PWV)达到某一阈值时将出现降水,则该值称为PWV降水阈值(threshold of PWV,PWVt),由此认为PWV_t可以作为PWV与降水关系研究的纽带。为了能够较为准确地计算出PWV_t,引入整层大气饱和可降水量(precipitable water vapor saturation,PWVsat)概念,并推导出多元大气条件下PWVsat计算公式,根据公式可知PWV_(sat)是地面温度(t_s)的函数,其表示整层大气在饱和状态下容纳的最大水汽量。大气必须达到一定层次的饱和才能成云致雨,因此推断t_s也可能影响着PWV_t。为了验证该推断的准确性,利用2015年5月至2016年10月辽宁地区36个观测站的PWV与t_s进行研究,将筛选出1122个降水样本的PWV_t与t_s进行拟合,发现PWV_t拟合公式与PWV_(sat)推导公式较为一致,说明PWV_t和PWV_(sat)两者密切相关,同时给出36个站的拟合参数,从而建立PWV与降水的对应关系。统计检验表明,该方法在降水预报中的准确率、漏报率和空报率分别为93.69%、2.32%和3.99%,说明PWV_t在降水预报方面具有一定的应用价值。最后在一次降水个例中应用,结果显示PWV_t可以较好地预报降水,并发现PWV与PWV_t的差值与降水量具有一定的对应关系。     

HALOE资料揭示的热带平流层CH4时空变化特征

中层大气微量成分的分布和变化是中层大气研究的重要问题之一,但是长期以来中层大气的资料非常少。卤素掩星试验（HALOE）对中层大气多种微量气体进行观测,形成中层大气多种微量元素的空间分布和时间演变资料组,这是对中层大气微量气体含量资料的极大补充。作者利用1992～2003年HALOE资料分析热带地区（20°S～20°N）平均的CH4的垂直分布和时间演变特征。结果表明:热带平流层CH4混合比在平流层下层有较充分的混合;热带平流层CH4混合比的季节变化明显,在平流层中上层以年循环为主,而在平流层下部以半年变化为主;热带平流层CH4混合比的年际变化主要有准2年和准5年振荡。       

河西走廊一次区域性大风强沙尘暴天气诊断

应用常规和自动加密站观测资料,对2009年4月29日发生在河西走廊的一次区域性强沙尘暴天气过程,从天气学成因、物理量要素等方面进行了诊断分析.结果表明:这是一次冷锋后大风引发的沙尘暴;沙尘暴发生在强气压梯度区;地面气象要素对冷锋过境及沙尘暴爆发有强烈反应,可以在沙尘暴预报中作为一个参考依据;沙尘暴爆发区低层辐合,高层辐散,有明显的上升运动;锋生函数和螺旋度对沙尘暴爆发区有较好的指示意义.     

A View of Earth System Model Development

This paper gives a definition of earth system model and shows three development phases of it, including physical climate system model, earth climate system model, and earth system model, based on an inves- tigation of climate system models in the world. It provides an expatiation on the strategic significance of future development of earth system model, an introduction of some representative scientific research plans on development of earth system model home and abroad, and a review of its status and trends based on the models of the fourth assessment report （AR4） ofthe Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change （IPCC）. Some suggestions on future development of earth system model in China are given, which are expected to be helpful to advance the development.     

重现期风速风压计算系统介绍

介绍“重现期风速风压计算系统”采用4种概率分布模型（极值Ⅰ型分布、韦布尔分布、皮尔逊Ⅲ型分布和对数正态分布）,计算工程抗风设计所需的重现期风速、风压等参数,同时给出剩余方差、柯尔莫哥洛夫拟合适度检验指标、拟合相对偏差等拟合优度指标,便于不同概率分布模型计算结果的对比分析。     

南海海岛自动气象站防护应用技术探索

立足海南及南海的自然条件,结合海岛自动气象站在南海高温、高湿、高盐雾、强辐射、强风等恶劣气候环境下使用情况,通过对历年来海岛自动气象站故障及失效模式的统计和分析,总结分析故障原因。根据设备维护人员多年气象设备保障工作积累总结的经验,从海岛自动气象站结构和防护要求出发,集成应用市场上优质材料、先进工艺和多种成熟、关键设备防护技术,形成一些气象设备防护的有效方法措施,以提高海岛自动气象站对海洋环境的适应性和性能,延长设备使用寿命。