全球气候变化背景下海岸洪水灾害风险评估研究进展与展望

全球气候变化背景下,海平面上升以及高潮位和风暴潮引起的极值水位导致的海岸洪水对沿海社会经济和自然环境造成巨大影响,已是国内外关注的重点。论文梳理了广义和狭义海岸洪水的定义和要素,重点阐述了狭义海岸洪水的组成部分,从致灾因子、孕灾环境和承灾体以及风险评估方法与模型3个方面,系统总结了相关研究方法与研究成果的主要进展,以及存在的主要问题,并透视了未来拟加强的研究方向。建议加强沿海地区应对全球气候变化风险的研究,包括全球气候变化下多致灾因子耦合危险性和不确定性研究,沿海关键地区和关键暴露(关键基础设施)的风险评估研究,全球气候变化风险适应与减缓性措施的成本效益评价研究,提高沿海地区应对全球气候变化风险的韧性研究,以及建立多学科间的基础数据共享机制,采用交叉学科手段以便更综合、系统、动态研究海岸带问题,保障沿海地区开展全球气候变化下风险评估的需要。     

辽宁沿海地区海洋经济增长质量空间特征及影响要素

在海洋经济质量转型之期,基于“认知—评价—建构—优化”理念,界定海洋经济增长质量内涵,通过中心-引力模型评价分析2000—2014年辽宁沿海地区海洋经济增长质量空间特征,构建了海洋经济增长质量模型,识别影响其空间特征的相关要素,并根据要素作用程度提出优化建议。研究发现：① 辽宁沿海地区海洋经济增长质量呈“核心—圈层”结构,形成以大连为“领头雁”的雁阵式相互继起模式;“钻石型”引力流结构促成辽宁沿海地区集中化连片发展格局;② 海洋经济增长质量空间特征主要受空间集聚效应影响,海洋资本、海洋基建和海洋产业结构成为推动海洋经济增长质量循环引力流的顺流机制,其中海洋产业结构成为影响辽宁海洋经济增长质量圈层空间集聚效应的关键流;海洋人才成为制约海洋经济增长质量循环引力流的逆流机制;③ 通过路径作用程度的象限划分,提出强化大连中心地职能,针对腹地城市定位及资源禀赋条件提出调控措施,推进沿海区域协调与一体化进程。     

以PAC为原料合成锂吸附剂的工艺研究

研究了聚合氯化铝（PAC）为原料合成锂吸附剂的基本工艺路线,并探究了加料方式、反应物配比、反应温度、反应时间和加料速度等对所合成吸附剂吸附量的影响,研究结果表明配比是影响吸附剂吸附量的最主要因素,得到了最佳合成条件,在此条件下所合成吸附剂对锂离子的吸附容量为6.1mg/g。推断吸附剂的主要成分为晶态或非晶态的LiCl·2Al(OH)3·nH2O,同时含有Al(OH)3、(CaO)3Al2O3·6H2O及 LiCl·H2O等成分。从吸附结果来看,结晶度较差的片状LiCl·2Al(OH)3·nH2O和非晶态的Al(OH)3为主成分的吸附剂吸附性能最好。     

Impacts of SIS and CICE as Sea Ice Components in BCC_CSM on the Simulation of the Arctic Climate

Sea ice is a sensitive indicator of climate change and an important component of climate system models. The Los Alamos Sea Ice Model 5.0(CICE5.0) was introduced to the Beijing Climate Center Climate System Model(BCC_CSM) as a new alternative to the Sea Ice Simulator(SIS). The principal purpose of this paper is to analyze the impacts of these two sea ice components on simulations of basic Arctic sea ice, atmosphere, and ocean states. Two sets of experiments were conducted with the same configurations except for the sea ice component used, i.e., SIS and CICE. The distributions of sea ice concentration and thickness reproduced by the CICE simulations in both March and September were closer to actual observations than those reproduced by SIS simulations, which presented a very thin sea ice cover in September. Changes in sea ice conditions also brought about corresponding modifications to the atmosphere and ocean circulation. CICE simulations showed higher agreement with the reference datasets than did SIS simulations for surface air temperature, sea level pressure, and sea surface temperature in most parts of the Arctic Ocean. More importantly, compared with simulations with SIS, BCC_CSM with CICE revealed stronger Atlantic meridional overturning circulation(AMOC), which is more consistent with actual observations. Thus, CICE shows better performance than SIS in BCC_ CSM. However, both components demonstrate a number of common weaknesses, such as overestimation of the sea ice cover in winter, especially in the Nordic Sea and the Sea of Okhotsk. Additional studies and improvements are necessary to develop these components further.     

Base cation concentrations in forest litter and topsoil have different responses to climate and tree species along elevational gradients

The forest litter is an essential reservoir of nutrients in forests, supplying a large part of absorbable base cations(BC) to topsoil, and facilitating plant growth within litter-soil system. To characterize elevational patterns of base cation concentrations in the forest litter and topsoil, and explore the effects of climate and tree species, we measured microclimate and collected the forest litter and topsoil(0-10 cm) samples across an elevational range of more than 2000 m(1243 ～ 3316 m a.s.l.),and analyzed the concentrations of BC in laboratory. Results showed that: 1) litter Ca concentration displayed a hump-shaped pattern along the elevational gradients, but litter K and Mg showed saddle-shaped patterns. Soil Ca concentration increased with elevation, while soil K and Mg had no significant changes. 2) Ca concentration in the forest litter under aspen(Populus davidiana) was significantly higher than that in all other species, but in topsoil, Ca concentration was higher under coniferous larch and fir(Larix chinensis and Abies fargesii). Litter K and Mg concentrations was higher under coniferous larch and fir, whereas there were nosignificant differences among tree species in the concentrations of K and Mg in topsoil. 3) Climatic factors including mean annual temperature(MAT), growing season precipitation(GSP) and non-growing season precipitation(NGSP) determined BC concentrations in the forest litter and topsoil. Soil C/N and C/P also influenced BC cycling between litter and soil. Observation along elevations within different tree species implies that above-ground tree species can redistribute below-ground cations, and this process is profoundly impacted by climate. Litter and soil Ca, K and Mg with different responses to environmental variables depend on their soluble capacity and mobile ability.     

潜流带生物地球化学特征研究进展

潜流带(即地表水-地下水交互作用带)是位于地表水和地下水之间发生物质和能量交换的,具有物理、化学、生物梯度的饱和含水带。潜流带内发生着强烈的生物地球化学过程,在改善水环境质量和维持水生态系统稳定中发挥着重要作用。潜流带生物地球化学特征主要受河床沉积物结构特征、水文特征、环境特征、生物群落格局、物质输入等因素的影响,潜流带内C、N、P元素以及有毒金属元素(Fe、Mn、As、Hg等)会发生氧化-还原、吸附与解吸、沉淀与溶解、生物催化等生物地球化学过程。原位监测、数值模拟、原位培养和地球物理探测等技术是潜流带中生物地球化学过程研究中常用的研究手段。未来针对潜流带的研究可以从监测和数值模拟技术、河床沉积物变化特征以及微生物生态系统的结构和功能等方面进一步开展。     

Fish Assemblage Responses to a Low-head Dam Removal in the Lancang River

Dam removal is becoming an effective approach for aquatic biodiversity restoration in damming river in order to balance the aquatic ecosystem conservation with large-scale cascade damming. However, the effects of dam removal on fish communities in Asian mountainous rivers, which are dominated by Cypriniformes fishes, are still not well known. To determine whether dam removal on a mountainous river benefit restoration of fish diversity, we investigated the response of fish assemblage to dam removal using a before-after-control-impact design in two tributaries of the Lancang River(dam removal river: the Jidu River, and control river: the Fengdian River). Fish surveys were conducted one year prior to dam removal(2012) and three years(2013–2015) following dam removal. We observed rapidly and notably spatio-temporal changes in fish biodiversity metrics and assemblage structure, occurring in the Jidu River within the first year after dam removal. Overall, fish species richness, density and Shannon-Wiener diversity all increased immediately in above-and below-dam sites, and maintained a stable level in subsequent years, compared to unchanged situation in the control river. All sites in the Jidu River experienced shifts in fish composition after dam removal, with the greatest temporal changes occurred in sites below-and above-the former dam, resulting in a temporal homogenization tendency in the dam removed river. These findings suggest that dam removal can benefit the recovery of habitat conditions and fish community in Asian mountainous rivers, but the results should be further evaluated when apply to other dammed rivers since the dam age, fluvial geomorphology and situation of source populations could all affect the responses of fish assemblages.     

2015年台风“彩虹”过境后下山冷急流引起的南海北部海域异常海面降温

This study deals with a unusual cooling event after Typhoon Mujigea passed over the northern South China Sea(SCS) in October 2015. We analyze the satellite sea surface temperature(SST) time series from October 3 to 18,2015 and find that the cooling process in the coastal ocean had two different stages. The first stage occurred immediately after typhoon passage on October 3, and reached a maximum SST drop of –2℃ on October 7 as the usual cold wake after typhoon. The second stage or the unusual extended cooling event occurred after 7d of the typhoon passage, and lasted for 5d from October 10 to 15. The maximum SST cooling was –4℃ and occurred after 12d of typhoon passage. The mechanism analysis results indicate that after landing and moving northwestward to the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau(YGP), Typhoon Mujigea(2015) met the westerly wind front on October 5. The lowpressure and positive-vorticity disturbances to the front triggered meridional air flow and low-pressure trough,thus induced a katabatic cold jet downward from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP) passing through the YGP to the northwestern SCS. The second cooling reached the maximum SST drop 4d later after the maximum air temperature drop of –9℃ on October 11. The simultaneous air temperature and SST observations at three coastal stations reveal that it is this katabatic cold jet intrusion to lead the unusual SST cooling event.     

淡化浓海水日晒盐田原核微生物多样性分析

海滨日晒盐田具有稳定且独特的生态系统。淡化浓海水排入盐田制盐,对盐田生态系统的稳定及盐田的可持续发展具有一定的影响。本研究分析天津汉沽淡化浓海水日晒盐田不同季节不同盐度盐池原核微生物多样性现状及群落结构变化,以期为评估淡化浓海水对盐田原核微生物群落影响提供理论依据。采用温度梯度凝胶电泳和序列测定等方法,分析不同月份不同盐度盐池中细菌和古菌的多样性与群落结构变化。分别采用香农-威纳指数、加权丰富度指数和均匀度指数分析盐田微生物群落多样性、丰富度和均匀度。结果表明,淡化浓海水和溴后水中均未检测出细菌和古菌。不同月份不同盐度盐池样本中细菌多样性变化不大,优势菌主要为γ-变形菌门(γ-Proteobacteria)中的Spiribacter salinus和Pseudoalteromonassp.;古菌仅出现在盐度最高的Ⅶ号盐池中,优势古菌为广古菌门(Euryarchaeota)的Halogeometricum sp.。天津汉沽淡化浓海水日晒盐田中细菌的多样性和丰富度较低,春夏两季细菌群落结构较为稳定,秋冬季节细菌群落结构变化明显。盐度不同的盐池中细菌群落结构变化较大,随着盐度逐渐升高, Spiribacter salinus逐渐取代Pseudoalteromonas sp.成为占主要地位的优势菌种。     

南沙群岛珊瑚礁砾洲地貌特征

通过对南沙群岛永暑礁、西门礁和安达礁3个砾洲的现场调查,基于理论最低潮面和平均海面分别计算了砾洲的可能分布范围和平均出露范围,获得了砾洲的地形地貌特征。3个砾洲均为向西北凸出的弧形,呈北东-南西向展布。永暑礁和西门礁砾洲周边地势较高,中部相对低洼,分布有多条砾脊,边缘向海侧主砾脊高度最大,内部多条较低的次砾脊相交于主砾脊并汇聚于砾洲东部;安达礁砾洲则中部凸起地势较高,周边较低,无多重砾脊分布。推断砾洲的发育由最初珊瑚枝块堆积于中部形成凸起,逐渐向北东和南西两侧以砾脊形式扩展,最终形成砾洲由内向外的洼地-砾脊-砾滩的地貌分带模式。砾洲的地形地貌特征表明,南沙群岛砾洲的发育主要受北东-南西向水动力条件季节性交替的控制,反映了南海海区盛行季风的影响。南沙群岛珊瑚礁砾洲的地貌特征为深入研究南海珊瑚礁灰沙岛地貌发育演化及动力机制提供了基础数据。