区域气候变化脆弱性综合评估研究进展

区域脆弱性评估为脆弱性地区农户摆脱贫困、区域持续发展和政府制定适应策略提供科学依据.由于区域内部人地系统的复杂性,区域的脆弱性定量评估较为困难.中国脆弱性研究起步较晚,关注较早的是脆弱性区域的分布,但对区域内脆弱人群的脆弱性研究较少,认识上的不足影响了国家和地方政府制定科学的适应政策和措施.本文介绍了对脆弱性的认识,梳...     

Land Cover Status in the Koshi River Basin,Central Himalayas

The Koshi River Basin is in the middle of the Himalayas, a tributary of the Ganges River and a very important cross-border watershed. Across the basin there are large changes in altitude, habitat complexity, ecosystem integrity, land cover diversity and regional difference and this area is sensitive to global climate change. Based on Landsat TM images, vegetation mapping, field investigations and 3S technology, we compiled high-precision land cover data for the Koshi River Basin and analyzed current land cover characteristics. We found that from source to downstream, land cover in the Koshi River Basin in 2010 was composed of water body (glacier), bare land, sparse vegetation, grassland, wetland, shrubland, forest, cropland, water body (river or lake) and built-up areas. Among them, grassland, forest, bare land and cropland are the main types, accounting for 25.83%, 21.19%, 19.31% and 15.09% of the basin’s area respectively. The composition and structure of the Koshi River Basin land cover types are different between southern and northern slopes. The north slope is dominated by grassland, bare land and glacier; forest, bare land and glacier are mainly found on northern slopes. Northern slopes contain nearly seven times more grassland than southern slopes; while 97.13% of forest is located on southern slopes. Grassland area on northern slope is 6.67 times than on southern slope. The vertical distribution of major land cover types has obvious zonal characteristics. Land cover types from low to high altitudes are cropland, forest, Shrubland and mixed cropland, grassland, sparse vegetation, bare land and water bodies. These results provide a scientific basis for the study of land use and cover change in a critical region and will inform ecosystem protection, sustainability and management in this and other alpine transboundary basins.     

流动注射-光度法测定地质样品中痕量碘

利用I~-对4,4′-四甲基二氨基二苯甲烷(4,4′-TMB-DPM)与氯胺T反应的催化作用,建立了流动注射-分光光度测定地质样品中痕量碘的方法。采用不等流速合并带法,分析速度快、节省试剂、灵敏度高。与高温水解法释放I~-相结合,使样品处理简单、干扰离子少。对于含I~-10μg/L的水样,其RSD(n=19)为1.1％,检出限为0.3ng/ml。用于水系沉积物、土壤分析时,含碘1.6×10~(-6)的样品RSD(n=10)为6.1％,检出限为0.08×10~(-6)。测量速度50N/h。     

A National Accounting Framework for the Petroleum Cycle: A Case Study of China

In a world of climate change and socio-economic development, oil is the strategic resource that is closely intertwined and interdependent. Tracing the evolution of petroleum resources flow is fundamental to understanding petroleum supply and demand, and can also serve as the basis for assessing CO₂ emissions from petroleum products. This paper aims to provide a petroleum products flow accounting framework that divides petroleum flow into four phases, three flows, three libraries, and two processes, and summarizes the approach to measure and analyze petroleum resources flows. It takes China as an example for empirical research, and finds that: ① China’s petroleum production, consumption and import have significantly increased over the past two decades, and the combination of increasing demand and limited supply have created an urgent need for China to diversify its petroleum sources globally to ensure its oil security. ② Final consumption accounts for the use of most petroleum products and special attention should be paid to the losses in the petroleum refining process. ③ With the exception of crude oil, petroleum product flows among various sectors has changed greatly. Particularly, the flow of petroleum products into transport and residential consumption has trended upward significantly, whereas the flow to industry is trending downward. ④ CO₂ emission data shows that CO₂ emission amounts increased rapidly from 456Mt in 1993 to 1517Mt in 2013. Previously, the top three CO₂ emitters were the industrial sector, the transport sector including the transport, storage and post segments, and the thermal power sector. Currently, the largest emitters are the transport sector, the industrial sector and the residential consumption sector. Finally, poorly demarcated system boundaries and incomplete databases and models constrain research on industry flows of petroleum resources for non-energy use.     

倾斜式预应力锚索格构梁支护效果分析

针对墙背倾斜预应力锚索格构梁的受力规律成果较少的现状, 论文采用Midas/GTS软件, 建立北京门头沟锚索格构梁倾斜的三维实体模型, 对比分析了直立、墙背倾斜80和70时的墙背应力、弯矩及水平变形, 以及墙背的侧向土压力变化规律。结果表明倾角70断面的锚索轴力、水平位移和弯矩都最大, 直立断面最小。建议在预应力锚索格构梁尽量选取直立断面。     

甘肃省肃南县雪泉铜(锌)矿床找矿勘查思路探讨

雪泉塞浦路斯型富铜(锌)块状硫化物矿床地处北祁连山西段奥陶纪弧后盆地火山岩带内,矿床的形成受火山热液喷流中心控制,每个喷流中心的成矿遵循"蘑菇"状的成矿模式,目前已发现矿区存在多个热液喷流中心,与此相对应的矿体表现出呈群出现,分段集中的特点。结合矿区地形特点,笔者提出矿床下一步的找矿勘查应按照"面上展开——利用地质测量、物探扫面进行探寻热液喷流中心;分段深入——在每个热液喷流中心主要利用硐探工程进行探矿验证"的思路开展工作。     

冀中坳陷-黄骅坳陷馆陶组热储发育差异性及成井条件

本文论述了冀中坳陷-黄骅坳陷馆陶组热储砂岩、底部砾岩、砂砾岩的发育、孔隙度及热水水质的差异性,对热储出水特征进行了探讨,提出了馆陶组热储成井的基本条件,对冀中坳陷-黄骅坳陷馆陶组热储成井具有一定的指导意义。     

夏季强沙尘暴内部热力动力特征的个例研究

根据对流体在热低压条件下激发强沙尘暴的机理,并应用Rennó和Ingersoll于1996年提出的热机自然对流理论,对2004年7月12日甘肃省酒泉基准站发生的强沙尘暴内部动力热力结构进行了探讨。结果表明:①在沙尘暴发生前的一小时大气底层处于干热状态,垂直方向巨大的温度梯度有利于干对流发展。②激发强沙尘暴的对流体的切向旋转速度和垂直运动速度的大小,很大程度上决定了沙尘暴的强弱。③利用酒泉站探空资料计算出的沙尘暴对流体的最大切向旋转速度为11.4 m·s-1,垂直运动速度为14.0 m·s-1;地面沙尘暴观测系统记录的平均环境风速仅为5.5 m·s-1,瞬间最大风速只9.3 m·s-1。     

区域可持续发展的若干理论问题研究

区域可持续发展是一项涉及到自然、经济、社会三个子系统组成的动态、开放复杂系统, 其研究内容涉及到地理学、资源管理、生态学、环境科学、人口学、系统工程、经济学、社会学等许多相关领域。本文以人地关系地域系统理论为基础, 从区域与区域之间不同时空尺度的PRED相互联系、相互影响的制约关系出发, 分析了人地系统的特点、结构和功能,并探讨了人地关系优化的核心、区域可持续发展的理论模式以及可持续发展的系统调控等问题。     

华东地区测震学指标异常配套和中强震对应关系初探

本文分析了部分地震学指标的物理意义。通过对华东地区1970年以来14个指标的全时间扫描,并使用华东地区Ms≥5.0地震进行对应,结果表明,选取Rm值、b值和AC值进行同步异常分析,能显著提高华东地区的有震报震率,但有漏报。对目前华东地区异常集中区(南黄海及其沿岸地区)进行时间扫描,结果显示该异常集中区未出现同步异常,认为该区域短期内发生中强地震的可能性不大。