Effects of salinity on embryonic and larval development of Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis(Decapoda: Brachyura) and salinity-induced physiological changes

To investigate the effects of salinity on early development of Chinese mitten crab ( Eriocheir sinensis ), and the salinity tolerance mechanism of embryos, different developmental stages of embryos (gastrula, eyespot and pre-hatching stage), and hatched stage I zoea and megalopa, were exposed to a range of salinities (1, 5, 10, 15 (control), 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40). Hatching, survival and molting were monitored. Effects of 24-hour hypersaline (35) and hyposaline (1) stress on egg diameter, water content, Na +/K +-ATPase (NKA) activity, and crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) gene mRNA expression in embryos and megalopa, are reported. Embryos are more tolerant of low (≤ 5) than high (≥25) salinities, with optimum ranges for gastrula and pre-hatching stage embryos being 5-20, and for eyespot embryo and stage I zoea, 10-20. Most megalopa can molt to the first juvenile instar by day 5 at salinities between 1 and 40, whereas molting of megalopa stages was delayed at 40. Hypersaline conditions resulted in a loss of moisture, reduction of egg volume, and a signifi cant increase in NKA activity and CHH mRNA expression at some developmental stages. Hyposaline conditions did not affect moisture content or egg volume, but resulted in decreased NKA activity and CHH mRNA expression in embryos. For megalopa stages, NKA activity was significantly upregulated following both hypo- and hypersaline stress. Our results suggest high salinity will inhibit development and hatching of E. sinensis embryos, and low salinity will affect the survival of their stage I zoea. Increased NKA activity in embryos and megalopa stages might indicate a hyporegulation response under hypersaline conditions. These findings provide useful information for spawning ground protection of indigenous E . sinensis and enrich the knowledge of embryonic tolerance mechanisms of hyperregulating crustaceans following osmotic stress.     

气候变化对云南省小粒咖啡适生区的影响

为揭示气候变化对云南省小粒咖啡适生区的影响，基于最大熵（MaxEnt）模型，结合小粒咖啡物种分布数据、环境变量数据，构建云南省小粒咖啡适生区评估及预测模型，对当前气候条件下小粒咖啡在云南省的适生区进行评估，并对未来气候条件下，小粒咖啡在云南省的适生区进行预测，再对预测结果进行对比分析。结果显示:（1）构建的最大熵模型能够较精确地用于小粒咖啡在云南省适生区的评估和预测，当前气候条件下，评估模型的训练集与测试集的AUC （Area under ROC Curve）值均为0.941，达到评估结果为极好的标准。（2）影响云南省小粒咖啡种植的主导环境因子依次为11月平均最高气温、7月降雨量、海拔高度、2月平均最低气温、10月降雨量、坡度和最冷月最低气温，共占总贡献率的91.4%。（3）当前气候条件下，小粒咖啡的适生区主要分布在滇西、滇西南以及滇南的保山、德宏、普洱、临沧、西双版纳等地区，总适生区约为116300 km2，占云南省国土面积的29.51%，且总体上，高适生区外围分布中适生区，中适生区外围分布低适生区。RCP4.5、RCP8.5情景下，小粒咖啡总适生区的面积分别约为98300、69700 km2，分别占云南省国土面积的24.95%、17.69%，两种排放情景下小粒咖啡总适生区面积分别减少了18000、46600 km2，国土面积占比分别减少了4.56%、11.82%，且总适生区的质心均由东南向西北方向移动，与RCP4.5情景相比，RCP8.5情景的移动距离更远。（4）未来气候变化将会导致小粒咖啡在云南省的总适生区面积减小，总适生区的质心位置向海拔更高与纬度更高的方向移动，且高碳排放情景下这种变化幅度更大。