岩芯饼裂机制及其对工程地质特性影响的分析

提出了岩芯饼裂主要受地应力平均值控制的观点,说明了岩饼表面圆周状对称拉裂坎以及垂直拉裂坎方向擦痕的形成原因,结合工程地质讨论了岩体的弹性模量和内聚力。     

3D TABLE-DRIVEN MIGRATION1

An efficient full 3D wavefield extrapolation technique is presented. The method can be used for any type of subsurface structure and the degree of accuracy and dip-angle performance are user-defined. The extrapolation is performed in the space-frequency domain as a space-dependent spatial convolution with recursive Kirchhoff extrapolation operators. To get a high level of efficiency the operators are optimized such that they have the smallest possible size for a specified accuracy and dip-angle performance. As both accuracy and maximum dip-angle are input parameters for the operator calculation, the method offers the possibility of a trade-off between these quantities and efficiency. The operators are calculated in advance and stored in a table for a range of wavenumbers. Once they have been calculated they can be used many times. At the basis of the operator design is the well-known phase-shift operator. Although this operator is exact for homogeneous media only, it is assumed that it may be applied locally in case of inhomogeneities. Lateral velocity variations can then be handled by choosing the extrapolation operator according to the local value of the velocity. Optionally the operators can be designed such that they act as spatially variant high-cut filters. This means that the evanescent field can be suppressed in one pass with the extrapolation. The extrapolation method can be used both in prestack and post-stack applications. In this paper we use it in zero-offset migration. Tests on 2D and 3D synthetic and 2D real data show the excellent quality of the method. The full 3D result is much better then the result of two-pass migration, which has been applied to the same data. The implementation yields a code that is fully vectorizable, which makes the method very suitable for vector computers.     

Azimuth by the method of multiple timed observations of a gyrotheodolite without electronic registration

A method of determining azimuth by gyrotheodolite without electronic registration is described. The method requires observations of time at each instant the moving mark passes a scale division. Thus many observations of time may be achieved in a single oscillation of the moving mark. The observations when used in the appropriate observation equation may determine azimuth with a standard error of ±3″ with 2 hours of observations. This assumes knowledge of the additive constant to about 1″.3 and neglects the effects of dislevelment in the prime vertical. For practical application of the method a time recording device and microcomputer, such as the Hewlett Packard HP41CV and HP85, are recommended.     

Construction of a consistent semianalytic theory of a planetary or moon orbiter perturbed by a third body

The third body perturbation of an orbiter of a planet or moon is considered. A very convenient form of the Lagrange equations is given allowing an easy derivation of the various terms of the expansion of the perturbed elements. A careful analysis of the order of magnitude of these terms indicates which ones are required for a consistent theory. It follows that in many practical cases the main term of the disturbing function has to be carried to the second order of the perturbation theory.Paper presented at the 1981 Oberwolfach Conference on Mathematical Methods in Celestial Mechanics.Dedicated to V. Szebehely on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

Differences between solar wind plasmoids and ideal magnetohydrodynamic filaments

Plasma irregularities present in the solar wind are plasmoids, i.e. plasma-magnetic field entities. These actual plasmoids differ from ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) filaments. Indeed, (1) their “skin” is not infinitely thin but has a physical thickness which is determined by the gyromotion of the thermal ions and electrons, (2) they are of finite extent and their magnetic flux is interconnected with the interplanetary magnetic flux, (3) when they penetrate into the magnetosphere their magnetic field lines become rooted in the ionosphere (i.e. in a medium with finite transverse conductivity), (4) the external Lorentz force acting on their boundary surface depends on the orientation of their magnetic moment with respect to the external magnetic field, (5) when their mechanical equilibrium is disturbed, hydromagnetic oscillations can be generated. It is also suggested that the front side of all solar wind plasmoids which have penetrated into the magnetosphere is the inner edge of the magnetospheric boundary layer while the magnetopause is considered to be the surface where the magnetospheric plasma ceases to have a trapped pitch angle distribution.     

土地利用动态变化研究——以兰州市为例

基于兰州市1997-2005年土地详查与变更调查数据,采用计量地理模型和空间分析方法,对土地利用的数量结构和空间格局现状及其变化进行了定量分析.结果表明:(1)兰州市现有土地资源具有明显的地域差异,这种差异与其所处的地理位置、地形地貌、经济水平等密切相关;(2)土地利用结构的多样性和土地利用组合类型呈现由东向西、由南向北依次递减的规律;(3)从土地利用空间格局分析,居民点及工矿用地的破碎度指数最大,牧草地破碎度指数最小,这表明人类活动强度与景观破碎程度成正比.     

Helicopter-Borne Flux Measurements in the Nocturnal Boundary Layer Over Land – a Case Study

This case study introduces measurements of turbulent fluxes in a nocturnal boundary layer in North Germany with the new helicopter-borne turbulence measurement system HELIPOD, a detailed data analysis and examination in regard of systematic errors of the instrument, and some comparison with local similarity theory and experiments of the past, in order to confirm the occurrence of small vertical turbulent fluxes. The examined nocturnal boundary layer offered excellent conditions to analyse the quality of the measurement system. In this connection, a detailed look at a strong ground-based inversion disclosed small turbulent fluxes with a spectral maximum at ten metres wavelength or less, embedded in intermittent turbulence. For verification of these fluxes, the measurements were compared with well established results from past experiments. Local similarity theory was applied to calculate dimensionless variances of the turbulent quantities, which were found in good agreement with other observations. Since shear and stratification varied significantly on the horizontal flight legs due to global intermittency, a method was developed to determine vertical gradients on a horizontal flight pattern, by use of small fluctuations of the measurement height. With these locally determined gradients, gradient transport theory became applicable and the turbulent diffusivities for heat and momentum, the Richardson number, and the flux Richardson number were estimated within isolated strong turbulent outbursts. Within these outbursts the flux Richardson number was found between 0.1 and 0.2. The functional relationship between the gradient Richardson number and the turbulent Prandtl number agreed well with observations in past experiments and large eddy simulation. The impact of the stratification on the vertical turbulent exchange, as already described for the surface layer using Monin–Obukhov similarity, was analogously observed in the very stably stratified bulk flow when local scaling was applied.     

Incorporating Information About Edge Effects When Simulating Lithofacies

Some years ago, earth scientists came to realize that knowing more about the geology of an orebody or an oil reservoir makes it easier to make the appropriate decisions concerning mine planning or reservoir exploitation. Geostatistical techniques for simulating lithofacies—that is, the geometry of the geology—were developed as a result of this. These methods should be able to produce geological images that respect not only the anisotropies of the different lithofacies but also their spatial layout relative to one another. While indicator variograms ensure that anisotropies are respected, another tool needs to be incorporated in the simulation technique to reflect the relative spatial layout of the different lithofacies. We propose to use the concept of edge effects that define the position of one lithofacies relative to another. Simple tests using direct and cross indicator variograms confirm the presence or absence of edge effects. We investigate if and how edge effect information can be incorporated in the different indicator simulation techniques—sequential indicator simulations, simulated annealing, the truncated Gaussian method and plurigaussian simulations. Results show that the choice of simulation method must be guided by the edge effect characteristics of the experimental lithologic data.