Inclined lidar observations of boundary layer aerosol particles above the Kongsfjord,Svalbard

An inclined lidar with vertical resolution of 0.4 m was used for detailed boundary layer studies and to link observations at Zeppelin Mountain (474 m) and Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. We report on the observation of aerosol layers directly above the Kongsfjord. On 29 April 2007, a layer of enhanced backscatter was observed in the lowest 25 m above the open water surface. The low depolarization ratio indicated spherical particles. In the afternoon, this layer disappeared. The ultrafine particle concentration at Zeppelin and Corbel station (close to the Kongsfjord) was low. On 1 May 2007, a drying process in the boundary layer was observed. In the morning, the atmosphere up to Zeppelin Mountain showed enhanced values of the backscatter coefficient. Around noon, the top of the highly reflecting boundary layer decreased from 350 to 250 m. The top of the boundary layer observed by lidar was confirmed by radiosonde data.     

Late Holocene sea-level changes and isostasy in western Denmark

Cores and exposed cliff sections in salt marshes around Ho Bugt, a tidal embayment in the northernmost part of the Danish Wadden Sea, were subjected to ¹⁴C dating and litho- and biostratigraphical analyses to reconstruct paleoenvironmental changes and to establish a late Holocene relative sea-level history. Four stages in the late Holocene development of Ho Bugt can be identified: (1) groundwater-table rise and growth of basal peat (from at least 2300 BC to AD 0); (2) salt-marsh formation (0 to AD 250); (3) a freshening phase (AD 250 to AD 1600?), culminating in the drying out of the marshes and producing a distinct black horizon followed by an aeolian phase with sand deposition; and (4) renewed salt-marsh deposition (AD 1600? to present). From 16 calibrated AMS radiocarbon ages on fossil plant fragments and 4 calibrated conventional radiocarbon ages on peat, we reconstructed a local relative sea-level history that shows a steady sea-level rise of 4 m since 4000 cal yr BP. Contrary to suggestions made in the literature, the relative sea-level record of Ho Bugt does not contain a late Holocene highstand. Relative sea-level changes at Ho Bugt are controlled by glacio-isostatic subsidence and can be duplicated by a glacial isostatic adjustment model in which no water is added to the world's oceans after ca. 5000 cal yr BP.     

Phase relations of a serpentine composition between 5 and 14 GPa: significance of clinohumite and phase E as water carriers into the transition zone

Run products from high pressure experiments at 800-1,200 °C and 5-14 GPa (corresponding to depths of 150 to 420 km) on a serpentine bulk composition [close to Mg₃Si₂O₅(OH)₄] were analysed by optical microscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy and electron microprobe. All charges exhibit strong chemical zoning. Fluid, melt and hydrous solids were mostly concentrated at the top, bottom and along the wall of the capsules. The central part of the charge was devoid of H₂O. Both fluid and hydrous magnesian phases exhibit a Mg/Si ratio higher than forsterite. In contrast, the centre of the capsule was enriched in SiO₂. The observed zoning can neither be explained by gravitational settling nor by a thermal gradient alone. Most likely the fluid was separated from the solids by surface forces and thereby established the chemical gradient by preferentially dissolving MgO. If strong chemical zoning is taken into account, the occurrence of more phases than allowed by the phase rule can be explained by separating the bulk into several domains of different bulk compositions. Results indicate that small amounts of F increase the stability field of clinohumite, Mg₉Si₄O₁₆(OH,F)₂, compared to OH-clinohumite in pure MSH previously reported. Clinohumite coexists with enstatite up to 975 °C at 5 GPa, and up to 1,100 °C at 12 GPa. At 14 GPa (close to the !/#-Mg₂SiO₄ transition) phase E becomes the most important water carrier. The new results indicate that clinohumite could be an important mantle mineral for transporting water into the Earth's transition zone due to its high thermal stability compared to other important water carriers such as serpentine and phase A.     

Remote sensing of substances in water

Remote sensing of water colour and its application to the mapping of pigments, suspended matter and other substances by means of airborne and spaceborne sensors is discussed. After an introduction to the physical process involved, the methods for a quantitative interpretation especially of CZCS data are indicated. Applications towards the monitoring of coastal pollution, of algae blooms and of dynamic processes are shown by means of selected examples. Multispectral scanner and imaging spectrometer technologies are discussed with special reference to NASA's Earth Observation System and ESA's Earth Observation Programme.     

OH defects in quartz in the system quartz–albite–water and granite–water between 5 and 25?kbar

The incorporation of OH defects in quartz from the systems quartz–water, quartz–albite–water and granite–water at pressures between 5 and 25?kbar and temperatures between 800 and 1,000?°C was investigated by IR spectroscopy. The two most important OH absorption features can be assigned to hydrogarnet defects (absorption band at 3,585?cm^?1) and coupled substitutions involving Al³⁺ (Al–H defects, absorption bands at 3,310, 3,378 and 3,430?cm^?1). Al incorporation in quartz is controlled by mineral/melt partitioning (D _Al ^Qz/Melt ?=?0.01) and exhibits a negative pressure dependence. This trend is not clearly reflected by the concentration of Al–H defects, which shows positive deviations from the theoretical 1:1 correlation of Al/H for some samples. In contrast to the Al–H defects, formation of hydrogarnet defects appears to be positively correlated to pressure and water activity, and may be used a petrological indicator. The overall water concentration exhibits only minor changes with pressure and temperature, but a clear correlation of water activity (controlled by various amounts of dissolved salts) and hydrogarnet substitution could be established.     

Early Triassic potassic volcanism in the Afyon Zone of the Anatolides/Turkey: implications for the rifting of the Neo-Tethys

Afyon Zone, which was derived from the Anatolide–Tauride platform during closure of the Neo-Tethys, is made up of pre-Mesozoic basement and unconformably overlying Triassic–Early Tertiary cover series. The Afyon Zone contains widespread metavolcanic rocks, which are dominated by rhyolite, dacite, and trachyandesite. They form a distinct volcanic succession, which is separated from the underlying Silurian–Lower Carboniferous metacarbonates and meta-siliciclastics by a regional unconformity. Trachyandesitic metavolcanics are made up of massive lava flows, pyroclastics and epiclastics, less frequently, domes and dikes, which were developed on a deeply eroded subaerial landmass. U/Pb and Pb/Pb zircon geochronology yielded Lower Triassic (~250 Ma) ages, which are interpreted as extrusion age of trachyandesitic volcanics. Based on the stratigraphic, geochronological, and geochemical data, we suggest that these Lower Triassic magmatic rocks represent an extensional tectonic setting on the northern active margin of the Gondwana, which led to the development of the northern branch of the Neo-Tethys.     

Reservoir Description with Integrated Multiwell Data Using Two-Dimensional Wavelets

Inferring reservoir data from dynamic production data has long been done through matching the production history. However, proper integration of available production history has always been a challenge. Different production history data such as well pressure and water cut often occur at different scales making their joint inversion difficult. Furthermore, production data obtained from the same well or even the same reservoir are often correlated making a significant portion of the dataset redundant. Thirdly, the massiveness of the data recorded from wells in a large reservoir over a long period of time makes the nonlinear inversion of such data computational demanding. In this paper, we propose the integration of multiwell production data using wavelet transform. The method involves the use of a two-dimensional wavelet transformation of the data space in order to integrate multiple production data and reduce the correlation between multiwell data. Multiple datasets from different wells, representing different production responses (pressure, water cut, etc.), were treated as a single matrix of data rather than separate vectors that assume no correlation amongst datasets. This enabled us to transform the multiwell production data into a two-dimensional wavelet domain and subsequently select the most important wavelets for history match. By minimizing the square of the Frobenius norm of the residual matrix we were able to match the calculated response to the observed response. We derived the relationship that allows us to replace a conventional minimization of the sum of squares of the l ₂ norms of multi-objective functions with the minimization of the square of the Frobenius norm of the integrated data. The usefulness of the approach is demonstrated using two examples. The approach proved very effective at reducing correlation between multiwell data. In addition, the method helped to reduce the cost of computing sensitivity coefficients. However, the method gave poor prediction of water cut when the datasets were not scaled before inverse modeling.     

Long-term snow and weather observations at Weissfluhjoch and its relation to other high-altitude observatories in the Alps

Snow and weather observations at Weissfluhjoch were initiated in 1936, when a research team set a snow stake and started digging snow pits on a plateau located at 2,540?m asl above Davos, Switzerland. This was the beginning of what is now the longest series of daily snow depth, new snow height and bi-monthly snow water equivalent measurements from a high-altitude research station. Our investigations reveal that the snow depth at Weissfluhjoch with regard to the evolution and inter-annual variability represents a good proxy for the entire Swiss Alps. In order to set the snow and weather observations from Weissfluhjoch in a broader context, this paper also shows some comparisons with measurements from five other high-altitude observatories in the European Alps. The results show a surprisingly uniform warming of 0.8°C during the last three decades at the six investigated mountain stations. The long-term snow measurements reveal no change in mid-winter, but decreasing trends (especially since the 1980s) for the solid precipitation ratio, snow fall, snow water equivalent and snow depth during the melt season due to a strong temperature increase of 2.5°C in the spring and summer months of the last three decades.     

A multi-hazard regional level impact assessment for Europe combining indicators of climatic and non-climatic change

To better prioritise adaptation strategies to a changing climate that are currently being developed, there is a need for quantitative regional level assessments that are systematic and comparable across multiple weather hazards. This study presents an indicator-based impact assessment framework at NUTS-2 level for the European Union that quantifies potential regional changes in weather-related hazards: heat stress in relation to human health, river flood risk, and forest fire risk. This is done by comparing the current (baseline) situation with two future time periods, 2011–2040 and 2041–2070. The indicator values for the baseline period are validated against observed impact data. For each hazard, the method integrates outcomes of a set of coherent high-resolution regional climate models from the ENSEMBLES project based on the SRES A1B emission scenario, with current and projected non-climatic drivers of risk, such as land use and socio-economic change. An index of regional adaptive capacity has been developed and compared with overall hazard impact in order to identify the potentially most vulnerable regions in Europe. The results show strongest increases in impacts for heat stress, followed by forest fire risk, while for flood risk the sign and magnitude of change vary across regions. A major difference with previous studies is that heat stress risk could increase most in central Europe, which is due to the ageing population there. An overall assessment combining the three hazards shows a clear trend towards increasing impact from climaterelated natural hazards for most parts of Europe, but hotspot regions are found in eastern and southern Europe due to their low adaptive capacities. This spatially explicit assessment can serve as a basis for discussing climate adaptation mainstreaming, and priorities for regional development in the EU.