香港中生代同源深成岩和火山岩套的地球化学

香港中朱罗世一早白垩世中酸性深成岩和火山岩的组分,随着时间的移从钙碱性向高钾钙碱性及过渡型橄榄粗玄质演化。同源的火山岩－深成岩在空间和时间上的密切关系表明,岩浆作用呈不连续的动脉式发生,每次脉动幼大部分少于１００万ａ。     

GIS空间通用语言界面的开发

本文考察了地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）用户界面问题，概述了现行界面的不足，定义了从数据库到用户相关的通用语言界面（如ＵＧＩＸ），数据库通讯方法以及与这种交互形式相应的屏幕提示，本文认为ＧＩＳ界面应当是符合用户习惯并且以结构查询语言（ＳＱＬ）高级空间扩展形式为基础，这种结构有可能在现有的空间数据库上执行ＵＧＩＸ。     

多用途地籍信息系统的城市摄影测量数据库

城市信息系统是城市工程及资源规划、开发与管理决策者受益的经济资源。本研究建立了基于城市地理信息系统（ＵＧＩＳ）原型的设计模型，开发该系统所需的基本图及视觉属性由航片获取。本研究使用了沙特阿拉伯首都中的一个新区，所建的模型对城市的某一应用（人口估计）是实用的。对特殊应用的测试结果表明：该系统具有满意的精度，并且在人口及社会特征类似的国家、城市也具有很好的应用前景。     

Rank-size distribution and primate city characteristics in India — A temporal analysis

This paper is an analysis of the historical change in city size distribution in India from the perspectives provided by Zipf and Jefferson. Rank-size distribution at national level and primate city-size distribution at regional levels are examined. India's national urban system is gradually evolving towards Zipf's rank-size distribution. But primate cities have persisted in three of the four macro-regions in India. The paper also examines, in the Indian context, the relation between rank-size distribution and an integrated urban system, and the normative nature of the latter as a spatial organization of human society. Finally, we have made a modest attempt to locate the research on city-size distribution, especially Berry's system-theoretic interpretation of rank-size distribution, on the realm of the political economy of urbanization.     

Glacial sediment causing regional-scale elevated arsenic in drinking water

In the upper Midwest, USA, elevated arsenic concentrations in public drinking water systems are associated with the lateral extent of northwest provenance late Wisconsin-aged drift. Twelve percent of public water systems located within the footprint of this drift (212 of 1764) exceed 10 microg/L arsenic, which is the U.S. EPA's drinking water standard. Outside of the footprint, only 2.4% of public water systems (52 of 2182) exceed 10 microg/L arsenic. Both glacial drift aquifers and shallow bedrock aquifers overlain by northwest provenance late Wisconsin-aged sediment are affected by arsenic contamination. Evidence suggests that the distinct physical characteristics of northwest provenance late Wisconsin-aged drift--its fine-grained matrix and entrained organic carbon that fosters biological activity--cause the geochemical conditions necessary to mobilize arsenic via reductive mechanisms such as reductive desorption and reductive dissolution of metal oxides. This study highlights an important and often unrecognized phenomenon: high-arsenic sediment is not necessary to cause arsenic-impacted ground water--when "impacted" is now defined as >10 microg/L. This analysis also demonstrates the scientific and economic value of using existing large but imperfect statewide data sets to observe and characterize regional-scale environmental problems.