A modular injection system, multilevel sampler, and manifold for tracer tests

Ground water injection and sampling systems were developed for bacterial transport experiments in both homogenous and heterogeneous unconsolidated, surficial aquifers. Two types of injection systems, a large single tank and a dynamic mixing tank, were designed to deliver more than 800 L of amended ground water to the aquifer over 12 hours, without altering the ground water temperature, pH, Eh, or dissolved gas composition. Two types of multilevel samplers (MLSs) were designed and installed. Permanent MLSs performed well for the homogenous surficial aquifer, but their installation procedure promoted vertical mixing, which could obfuscate experimental data obtained from vertically stratified, heterogeneous aquifers. A novel, removable MLS was designed to fit in 2- and 4-inch wells. Expandable O-rings between each sampling port hydraulically isolated each port for sample collection when a nut was tightened at the land surface. A low-cost vacuum manifold system designed to work with both MLS designs used 50 mL centrifuge tubes to efficiently sample 12 MLS ports with one peristaltic pump head. The integrated system was developed and used during four field campaigns over a period of three years. During each campaign, more than 3000 ground water samples were collected in less than one week. This system should prove particularly useful for ground water tracer, injection, and push-pull experiments that require high-frequency and/or high-density sampling.     

Coral skeletal delta(15)N reveals isotopic traces of an agricultural revolution

This study introduces a new method of tracing the history of nutrient loading in coastal oceans via delta(15)N analysis of organic nitrogen preserved in the skeleton of the massive Porites coral. Four coral cores were collected in Bali, Indonesia, from reefs exposed to high levels of fertilizers in agricultural run-off, from lagoonal corals impacted by sewage, and from a reef located 30 km offshore. Skeletal delta(15)N in the agriculturally exposed coral declined from 10.7+/-0.4 per thousand in 1970-1971, when synthetic fertilizers (-0.8 per thousand+/-0.2 per thousand) were introduced to Bali, to a depleted "anthropogenic" baseline of 3.5 per thousand+/-0.4% in the mid-1990s. delta(15)N values were negatively correlated with rainfall, suggesting that marine delta(15)N lowers during flood-bourn influxes of waste fertilizers. Reef cores exposed to untreated sewage in terrestrial discharge were enriched (7.8 and 7.3+/-0.4 per thousand), while the offshore core reflected background oceanic signals (6.2+/-0.4 per thousand). delta(15)N, N concentration, and C:N systematics indicate that the N isotopic composition of skeletal organic matter was generally well preserved over 30 years. We suggest that skeletal organic delta(15)N can serve as a recorder of past nitrogen sources. In Bali, this tracer suggests that the intensification of Western style agricultural practices since 1970 are contributing to the degradation of coastal coral reefs.     

主成分分析法在地质灾害危险性综合评价中的应用

介绍了主成分分析法的分类原理和实施步骤以及多指标体系中指标的选取,针对地质灾害的危险性,建立了评价的多指标体系和分级特征,同时分析了该方法在地质灾害危险性综合评价中的应用方法与过程.并通过对某高速公路沿线地质灾害危险性进行分段综合评价,给出了建设工程可能诱发或加剧的地质灾害和建设工程本身可能遭受的地质灾害危害的程度.证明该方法在地质灾害危险性综合评价中是切实可行的.     

江孜县幅、亚东县幅地质调查新成果及主要进展

对分布在高喜马拉雅带中的结晶岩系进行了重新划分,在其下部新建立"亚东岩群".在北喜马拉雅的康马隆起带基底变质岩系之上首次发现奥陶系.在江孜盆地新发现一套古近纪海相地层--"甲查拉组".在雅鲁藏布江带南缘新发现下中三叠统"穷果群".在高喜马拉雅带变质岩系中解体出加里东期变质变形花岗岩类侵入体(锆石年龄502Ma±9Ma～513Ma±10Ma),与哈金桑惹-康马隆起带中变质变形侵入体的侵位年龄相近(461～500Ma).查明了本区的构造格架、构造组合、构造样式,以及藏南拆离构造的分布、剪切方向,新发现存在南北向褶皱变形.对区内第四系进行了详细划分,查明了第四系成因类型、空间结构和形成时代.     

基于ArcGIS的大比例尺地形数据库的日常更新

利用ArcGIS的离线编辑功能,借鉴数字测图软件中绘制地形要素的方法,探索了一套比较方便、实用的,可直接在ArcGIS环境下更新地形数据的方法和流程,实现了基于ArcGIS的大比例尺地形数据库的日常数据更新。     

中国东海及邻近海域一条剖面的地壳速度结构研究

1982年以来，中国科学院海洋研究所在东海海域进行了二十多个站位的遥测浮标折射地震测量，1991年又在东海陆架区进行了OBS测量，本文在我国东海域选择了横穿东海陆架，冲绳海槽，琉球岛弧，琉球海沟和菲律宾海盆的一条剖面，利用上述折射地震资料及其它该剖面附近的折射地震资料，对该剖面的地壳速度结构进行了研究，并进行了速度年代对比。研究表明，剖面的速度结构在纵向上和横向上都表现出明显的差异，横向上可分为三隆三盆，纵向上大致可划分为1．8－2．2km/s,2.4-2.8km/s,3.0-3.6km/s,4.2-5.1km/s和5.75-6.0km/s的速度层，从地壳的速度结构否则 本海区至少有如下的沉积旋回：降冲 槽的中抽外，上新世纪至第四纪本海区沉积环境稳定，而冲第槽中轴可能一直处于构造活跃的状态；始新世为本区沉积的全盛渐新世该区域处于抬升的时期,钓鱼岛隆起区、琉球岛弧隆起区在此期的沉积被剥蚀殆，东海陆架和冲 槽此时斯 沉积也受到相当程度的剥蚀，东海陆架盆地和冲绳槽此时期的沉积也受到相当沉的剥蚀。，东海陆架盆地和冲槽盆地的出现可能在5．75－6．0km/s的速度层沉积之后，菲律宾海盆为典型的大洋地壳结构。     

云南会泽铅锌矿床脉石矿物方解石REE地球化学

方解石是云南会泽铅锌矿床最重要的脉石矿物，原生矿石中三种产状（即团块状状、团斑状和脉状）方解石的REE含量、有关参数和配分模式都有一定的差异，但不同产状方解石之间以及同种产状方解石的REE地球化学特征具有连续变化规律。分析结果表明：矿区原生矿石中三种产状方解石为同源不同阶段形成的产物；矿床成矿流体具有多来源特征，地幔流体在成矿流体形成过程中具有重要作用；成矿流体在演化过程REE含量逐渐降低；成矿环境由相对还原向相对氧化变化。     

低纬度磁异常化极方法——压制因子法

磁异常化极转换是磁异常解释的重要基础，针对频率域磁异常化极现状，本文对低纬度化极的困难原因进行了深入分析，并提出了针对性的化极措施——压制因子法. 与已有研究比较，该方法具有简单直观、控制参数少因而便于实际操作的特点，模型计算表明了方法的有效性. 在我国南海低磁纬度地区实测磁异常的计算解释中，应用该化极方法，取得了良好的效果.     

我国东海陆架区新生代地层岩石生热率研究

岩石生热率是描述地球内热的一个重要的热物理参数.通过测定岩石样品的密度、放射性元素U、Th、K的含量可以定量计算地壳岩石的生热率.根据东海陆架多口钻井新生代地层样品、东海陆架表层样品和冲绳海槽柱状样品的密度、放射性元素U、Th、K含量对岩石生热率进行了计算.发现东海陆架地区地层岩石的生热率介于0.4～1.7μW/m3之间,落于正常沉积岩生热率范围,比火成岩的生热率要高.同时,岩性对生热率起明显的控制作用,岩性不同,生热率不同.其中,泥岩的生热率最高,而粉沙岩、砂岩的生热率次之.东海区新生代地层的生热率由新到老生热率呈下降的趋势,但,其中玉泉组、龙井组和花港组地层生热率几乎一致.这和该地层的波速特征非常吻合.关系式lnA=1.04-0.2915vp能够较好地描述东海陆架区新生代地层波速和生热率之间的关系.在已知地层层速度的情况下,可以由该式求取地层的生热率.     

在实验室和野外条件下对WILD—NA2000数字水准仪的测试

本文提供可传统和新式的方法，在实验室及野外条件下，对ＷＩＬＤ－ＮＡ２０００数字水准仪的操作测试，并将ＮＡ２０００与光学机械水准仪ＷＩＬＤ－ＮＡ２进行了比较，对结果进行了讨论。