2011年日本东北Mw9．0地震：GPS与强震数据的比较

近场地震动数据可半实时地或由现代强震台网获得,或由连续全球定位系统（GPS）台网获得,能得到震源参数的稳健可靠解,这助于快速灾害评估及早期预警。这些广泛的应用需要地震动数据覆盖非常宽的频带,然而这通常情况下很难达到。本文是2011年日本东北Mw9．0地震的实例研究,说明来自大地测量和地震仪器的地震动信息如何互补,并建议联合使用这两种数据,尤其是台网覆盖稀疏时。本文首先使用自动经验基线校正工具对日本两个台网K—NET和KiK—Net的强震记录进行分析。通过二重积分得到静态同震位移,然后用于导出地震断层上的永久滑动分布。通过与相应基于GPS解的对比,对经验基线校正的不确定性得出了定量估计。另外,选择12对位置邻近的GPS和强震台站进行比较,来说明它们在时间序列中的信息相互一致。最后,讨论联合使用两种地震动观测系统的方法,并重点说明该方法的广泛可行性。     

The nested superblock approach for regional-scale analytic element models

A new approach is presented for improving the computational efficiency of regional-scale ground water models based on the analytic element method (AEM). The algorithm is an extension of the existing "superblock" algorithm, which combines the effects of multiple analytic elements into Laurent series and Taylor series (superblock expansions). With the new "nested superblock" formulation, Laurent series are nested in a hierarchical (quad-tree) data structure with direct mathematical relationships between parent and child superblock coefficients. Nested superblocks significantly accelerate the evaluation of the complex potential and discharge function in models that contain a large number of analytic elements at multiple scales. This evaluation process, the primary computational cost of AEM models, is required to determine the element coefficients, generate contour plots, and trace pathlines. The performance of the nested superblocks is demonstrated with a simplified model based on the Lake Ontario watershed geometry comprising thousands of hydrogeologic features at multiple geographic scales.     

圣安德烈斯断层深部地震复发间隔的周期性、不规则性和倍增特征

地震的复发历史可能会为未来地震发生的时间提供线索,但大地震之间的时间间隔太长,因而掩盖了所有的复发变化规律。相比之下,小地震频繁发生,而其复发间隔在相对小的时间尺度内也是可以计量的。本研究对一个历时8.5年、包含900多次低频事件的地震序列进行了研究,这些低频地震在加州帕克菲尔德(Parkfield)附近的圣安德烈斯断层下产生了震动。这些地震事件在时间上表现出密集的复发间隔,一般在3～6天之间,但有时这一模式却会突然发生变化。虽然大地震和低频地震的发生环境不同,但是该项研究表明大地震序列可能具有类似的复杂性。     

People’s perception and socioeconomic determinants of soil erosion:A case study of Samanalawewa watershed,Sri Lanka

Though soil erosion is an important concern in Sri Lanka, there is a dearth of baseline information on soil erosion in many ofits watersheds, which obstructs monitoring of soil erosion and mitigating its effects. In order to assess soil erosion in a critical watershed and to identify its determinants, the Samanalawewa watershed, which contains one of the main hydropower generating reservoirs in Sri Lanka, was selected for this study. Remote-sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) based modeling...     

由离散块体模型导出的旋转颗粒状子结构的非对称微极矩张量

使用离散刚性块体模型为单个滑动事件和多个滑动事件的平均值定义了非对称矩张量,用来说明颗粒介质的脆性变形。对于脆性地壳,颗粒被视为断层边界的块体。经过数次滑动事件,永久变形在块体的边界上积累。用两个独立运动来描述变形:块体矩心的局部相对运动和块体围绕自身矩心的局部刚性旋转。取一个体积内多个滑动事件的每个局部运动的平均值,将其定义为宏观变形和微旋转,其中宏观变形包括宏观应变和宏观旋转。分别由局部和平均运动定义不对称局部微极矩张量和不对称微极矩密度张量。本文提出的模型说明:(1)微极矩张量的对称部分取决于块体矩心的定容局部剪切应变或其平均当量——宏观应变;(2)反对称部分取决于被定义的客观量,像与矩心变形有关的旋转分量和局部块体旋转之间的差分,或者它们的平均当量宏观旋转和微旋转;(3)使用标准地震震源机制的微极反演,可以推断出微极矩密度张量的对称和反对称部分的标量幅度。3个区域的检验结果说明了与理论的一致性,但是确定性的检验仍然受到定量信息不充分或数据的分辨率不足等因素的限制。     

Damage detection on framed structures: modal curvature evaluation using Stockwell Transform under seismic excitation

The key parameters for damage detection and localization are eigenfrequencies, related equivalent viscous damping factors and mode shapes. The classical approach is based on the evaluation of these structural parameters before and after a seismic event, but by using a modern approach based on time-frequency transformations it is possible to quantify these parameters throughout the ground shaking phase. In particular with the use of the S-Transform, it is possible to follow the temporal evolution of the structural dynamics parameters before, during and after an earthquake. In this paper, a methodology for damage localization on framed structures subjected to strong motion earthquakes is proposed based on monitoring the modal curvature variation in the natural frequency of a structure. Two examples of application are described to illustrate the technique: Computer simulation of the nonlinear response of a model, and several laboratory(shaking table) tests performed at the University of Basilicata(Italy). Damage detected using the proposed approach and damage revealed via visual inspections in the tests are compared.     

Performance-based seismic assessment of a large diameter extended pile shaft in a cohesionless soil

The seismic behavior of a large diameter extended pile shaft founded on a dense sandy site is investigated in this paper. First, a deterministic analysis is conducted including both nonlinear dynamic analysis(NDA) and pushover analysis to gain insights into the behavior of the pile and make sure an appropriate modeling technique is utilized. Then a probabilistic analysis is performed using the results of NDA for various demands. To this end a set of 40 pulse-like ground motions are picked and subsequently 40 nonlinear dynamic and pushover analyses are performed. The data obtained from NDA are used to generate probabilistic seismic demand model(PSDM) plots and consequently the median line and dispersion for each plot are computed. The NDA and pushover data are also plotted against each other to find out to what extent they are correlated. These operations are done for various engineering demand parameters(EDPs). A sensitivity analysis is done to pick the most appropriate intensity measure(IM) which would cause a minimum dispersion in PSDM plots out of 7 different IMs. Peak ground acceleration(PGA) is found to be the most appropriate IM. Pushover coefficient equations as a function of PGA are proposed which can be applied to the pushover analysis data to yield a better outcome with respect to the NDA. At the end, the pacific earthquake engineering research(PEER) center methodology is utilized to generate the fragility curves using the properties obtained from PSDM plots and considering various states of damage ranging from minor to severe. The extended pile shaft shows more vulnerability with a higher probability with respect to minor damage compared to severe damage.     

Community, difference and identity: the case of the Irish in Sheffield

There is a growing body of research in racial and ethnic studies on the processes of identity construction within minority ethnic populations. This article seeks to build on this work by analysing emerging collective identity formations in an ‘invisible’ minority ethnic group. Based upon focus groups and in-depth interviews with Irish people in Sheffield, the article aims to advance three key arguments. First, the concept of community is central to an Irish collective identity, but is negotiated in a multiplicity of ways. Second, Irish collective identity has been shaped not only by demographic differences but by shared experiences of non-recognition and stereotyping. Third, there is a simultaneous assertion of an Irish identity running parallel with a perception that the ‘traditional’ Irish community may have to re-invent itself in response to changing demographics at the local level. The paper concludes by considering the implications of these arguments for an understanding of Irish ethnicity in multicultural Britain.