勘查贱金属硫化物的电化学方法

继近几年来苏联使用的称为“CHIM—10”的野外勘探技术以来,一种基于电化学原理的利用原有设备的方法已用于寻找贱金属硫化物。这个方法利用了金属离子的正电性质,当大片土壤由于输入直流电而被人工电离时,靠近矿化带的潮湿土壤剖面中的金属离子势必会朝大功率大间隔电极系中的阴极运动。首先,进行了实试室模型试验,试验取得了振奋人心的结果。随后,组装了野外试验设备并用于在野外检验它的有效性。试验土壤剖面位于卡纳塔克邦哈桑县Aladahalli地区的贱金属硫化物带上,这里的矿床地质情况是众所周知的。在野外试验中获得的结果相当令人满意,并且与已知的地质情况完全一致。然而,在对该系统不同的可变参数做了必要的改正以后,仍然要对那些数据做细致的评价。以标准化和开发应用为目的,改进方法的工作正在进行,以便定性和定量评价给定地区的隐伏贱金属矿床,尤其是在那些常规地球化学勘查方法不适用的地方。本文论及该方法的细节并讨论在野外试验中所获得的结果。     

德意志联邦共和国的非城市化

非城市化的定义我们认为首先需要详细讨论非城市化的定义。贝里(Berry)提出一种相当确切的标准。他说:“1942年霍普·蒂斯代尔(Hope·Tisdale)曾经说过‘城市化人口集中的过程’。‘这种过程是人口较少集中向人口较大集中的运动’。……由此可见,从实质上说,非城市化过程是人口居住区缩小、人口密度减少和居住区的复杂性向单一性转化的过程。     

Dissolved oxygen as an indicator of bioavailable dissolved organic carbon in groundwater

Concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO) plotted vs. dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in groundwater samples taken from a coastal plain aquifer of South Carolina (SC) showed a statistically significant hyperbolic relationship. In contrast, DO-DOC plots of groundwater samples taken from the eastern San Joaquin Valley of California (CA) showed a random scatter. It was hypothesized that differences in the bioavailability of naturally occurring DOC might contribute to these observations. This hypothesis was examined by comparing nine different biochemical indicators of DOC bioavailability in groundwater sampled from these two systems. Concentrations of DOC, total hydrolysable neutral sugars (THNS), total hydrolysable amino acids (THAA), mole% glycine of THAA, initial bacterial cell counts, bacterial growth rates, and carbon dioxide production/consumption were greater in SC samples relative to CA samples. In contrast, the mole% glucose of THNS and the aromaticity (SUVA(254)) of DOC was greater in CA samples. Each of these indicator parameters were observed to change with depth in the SC system in a manner consistent with active biodegradation. These results are uniformly consistent with the hypothesis that the bioavailability of DOC is greater in SC relative to CA groundwater samples. This, in turn, suggests that the presence/absence of a hyperbolic DO-DOC relationship may be a qualitative indicator of relative DOC bioavailability in groundwater systems.     

乙醇生产将导致2008年粮食价格继续升高

我们正在经历人类历史上巨大灾难。美国降低对石油的依赖度转而用粮食提炼原料用于汽车燃油的错误决策,已经引起了前所未有的全球范围粮食危机。     

有限单元分析中的移动边界方法

本文就波动问题提出一种移动边界的有限单元解法。此时模型边界的位置不是固定的,它将随着波前向前推进和退回,以保证在计算时间长度内边界反射波不到达观测点。文中给出了计算边界有效载荷的递推公式,可以简便有效地避免虚假反射波的干扰。为降低运算量和虚模型中的存贮,应适当选取移动间隔,截断误差和移动起点。对于层状模型,若采用直接积分的中心差分方法,计算过程十分简单,也可用于有限差分等方法的计算中。该方法在应用上的限制是对计算机内存量的要求较通常方法为大。     

海啸灾害后印度尼西亚班达阿齐市的土地覆盖变化与海岸带区域规划

2004年12月26日,由于欧亚板块的碰撞,40年以来最大的地震灾害发生在印度洋。地震诱发的海啸影响到Nangroe Aceh Darussalam省的许多城市,包括省会城市班达阿齐。在这地区共有超过12万人死亡,100万人无家可归。基于遥感数据的分析表明,有12万亩的土地受到了灾害。在班达阿齐市,鱼塘、住宅用地和保护区的变化是这一地区最显著的土地利用/覆盖变化,受灾前后这些用地类型的面积相应的变化了61.5%、57.8% 和77.6%。目前,印度尼西亚中央政府正在计划一个新的海岸带土地利用规划,在原来密集的海岸带建立一个缓冲区（约距海岸带2 km）。政府已经要求许多海岸带的社区代表与非政府组织参与到决策的过程中。 为了选择并采取最佳的土地利用方式,海啸灾害后的海岸带规划应该包括一些重要的基本要素。本研究主要关注作为该省社会经济活动中心的班达阿齐市。检测了由于海啸灾害造成的土地利用/覆盖变化（包括物理破坏）,特别是农业用地和居住区用地的变化,并且分析了受灾村落的不同类型及灾害对社会经济活动造成的影响。此外,还为政府以及当地居民在灾后的规划中选择更为可持续的空间布局方案提出了建议。     

Challenges in the Detection and Attribution of Northern Hemisphere Surface Temperature Trends Since 1850

Since 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) has heavily relied on the comparison between global climate model hindcasts and global surface temperature(ST) estimates for concluding that post-1950s global warming is mostly human-caused. In Connolly et al., we cautioned that this approach to the detection and attribution of climate change was highly dependent on the choice of Total Solar Irradiance(TSI) and ST data sets.We compiled 16 TSI and five ST data sets and found by alter...     

Reducing dissolved inorganic nitrogen in surface runoff water from sugarcane production systems

Nitrogen (N) lost from farms, especially as the highly bioavailable dissolved inorganic form, may be damaging Australia's Great Barrier Reef (GBR). As sugarcane is the dominant cropping system in GBR catchments, its N management practises are coming under increasing scrutiny. This study measured dissolved inorganic N lost in surface runoff water and sugarcane productivity over 3 years. The experiment compared the conventional fertiliser N application rate to sugarcane (average 180kg N/ha/year) and a rate based on replacing N exported in the previous crop (average 94kg N/ha/year). Dissolved inorganic N losses in surface water were 72%, 48% and 66% lower in the three monitored years in the reduced N fertiliser treatment. There was no significant difference in sugarcane yield between the two fertiliser N treatments, nor any treatment difference in soil mineral N - both of these results are indicators of the sustainability of the lower fertiliser N applications.     

一种滤膜取样冰核处理云室

1.引言测定气样中冰核浓度的一种方便方法是用滤膜取样,而后将此滤膜放在静态扩散云室中加以处理。在目前这是一种相当好的标准方法,由于滤膜取样设备便于携带,因此,它很适合外场使用。取样后的滤膜可以留待