The Development of a Nonhydrostatic Global Spectral Model

With the development of numerical weather prediction technology,the traditional global hydrostatic models used in many countries of the world for operational weather forecasting and numerical simulations of general circulation have become more and more unfit for high-impact weather prediction.To address this,it is important to invest in the development of global nonhydrostatic models.Few existing nonhydrostatic global models use consistently the grid finite difference scheme for the primitive equations of dynamical cores,which can subsequently degrade the accuracy of the calculations.A new nonhydrostatic global spectral model,which utilizes the Eulerian spectral method,is developed here from NCAR Community Atmosphere Model 3.0(CAM3.0).Using Janjic's hydrostatic/nonhydrostatic method,a global nonhydrostatic spectral method for the primitive equations has been formulated and developed.In order to retain the integrity of the nonhydrostatic equations,the atmospheric curvature correction and eccentricity correction are considered. In this paper,the Held-Suarez idealized test and an idealized baroclinic wave test are first carried out,which shows that the nonhydrostatic global spectral model has similar climate states to the results of many other global models for long-term idealized integration,as well as better simulation ability for short-term idealized integration.Then,a real case experiment is conducted using the new dynamical core with the full physical parameterizations of subgrid-scale physical processes.The 10-day numerical integration indicates a decrease in systematic error and a better simulation of zonal wind,temperature,and 500-hPa height.     

高空急流入口区次级环流在一次突发性强降水过程中的作用

通过对 1999年秋季一次突发性降水过程高空急流的分析 ,发现急流入口区南侧辐散 ,其低层辐合上升 ,当低层有印缅槽活动的时候 ,对流加强 ,印缅槽发展 ;急流入口区北侧辐合 ,其低层辐散下沉 ,有向南的非地转风     

我国无缝隙精细化网格天气预报技术进展与挑战

本文总结了2014年以来我国无缝隙精细化网格天气预报业务的技术进展,讨论了未来发展所面临的关键技术难点。无缝隙精细化网格预报技术的发展,得益于综合气象观测数据和多源资料融合分析网格实况产品的支撑,更依赖于多尺度数值预报模式和实时快速更新同化预报系统的快速发展。经过近5年的探索和努力,我国已经初步建立了针对不同预报时效的无缝隙精细化网格预报技术体系。对于0～4 h预报时效,主要基于全国雷达拼图和GRAPES-Meso模式预报,发展临近分钟级滚动外推预报技术;对于4 h到30 d预报时效,主要通过对区域或全球不同时空分辨率模式预报进行偏差订正、客观解释应用以及降尺度分析,提高预报的准确度和精细度。与此同时,研发了自动化、智能化的交互式预报制作平台,以满足客观高效制作与预报员对极端或高影响天气主观预报优势相结合的需求。发展了以格点实况分析场为参照的空间分析检验方法,初步实现了对高分辨率网格预报的质量跟踪和性能评估。未来的网格预报技术体系,需要吸纳前沿的技术研究成果,包括人工智能应用技术、高级多模式统计后处理技术和协调一致性关键技术等,并且建立统一完整的技术架构和开发标准等。     

夏半年川西高原600 hPa低涡活动特征

600 hPa天气系统能够分析川西高原低涡变化的主要特征,并能识别低涡的发展移动和川西高原强降水落区的关系。利用1979—2020年逐3 h的ERA5再分析资料(0.25°×0.25°)和2011—2020年逐小时降水资料,对夏半年川西高原600 hPa低涡活动特征、低涡与降水的关系及致雨低涡动力和热力特征进行统计分析,结果表明：(1)42年间低涡年均80个,持续时间1 d以内占总数的95.7%;在川西高原本地生成、移入和移出低涡年均61.5个、18个和5.3个;低涡源地和消散地分别在甘孜州白玉县和理塘县为中心的区域。(2)生命史大于12 h的低涡占比36.4%,都会带来降水,其中超83.7%会造成中雨以上降水;低涡伴随的日降水强度最大值中心位置随月份先由川西高原东部与南部地区北移到中部,之后逐渐移回到东部与南部地区,相对应7—8月多低涡从北部南移到中部摆动消亡,其余月份多低涡从中部生成影响到东部和南部地区或在南部生成并停滞或摆动。(3)强烈垂直上升运动和正涡度区的耦合发展以及深厚不稳定层结的形成和加强是致雨低涡发生发展并产生强降水的动力特征和热力层结条件。     

Water Vapor and Cloud Radiative Forcings over the Pacific Ocean Simulated by the LASG/IAP AGCM: Sensitivity to Convection Schemes

Characteristics of the total clear-sky greenhouse effect (GA) and cloud radiative forcings (CRFs), along with the radiative-related water vapor and cloud properties simulated by the Spectral Atmospheric Model developed by LASGIAP (SAMIL) are evaluated. Impacts of the convection scheme on the simulation of CRFs are discussed by using two AMIP (Atmospheric Model Inter-comparison Project) type simulations employing different convection schemes: the new Zhang-McFarlane (NZH) and Tiedtke (TDK) convection schemes. It shows that both the climatological GA and its response to El Nio warming are simulated well, both in terms of spatial pattern and magnitude. The impact of the convection scheme on GA is not significant. The climatological longwave CRF (LWCRF) and its response to El Nio warming are simulated well, but with a prominently weaker magnitude. The simulation of the climatology (response) of LWCRF in the NZH (TDK) run is slightly more realistic than in the TDK (NZH) simulation, indicating significant impacts of the convection scheme. The shortwave CRF (SWCRF) shows large biases in both spatial pattern and magnitude, and the results from the TDK run are better than those from the NZH run. A spuriously excessive negative climatological SWCRF over the southeastern Pacific and an insufficient response of SWCRF to El Nio warming over the tropical Pacific are seen in the NZH run. These two biases are alleviated in the TDK run, since it produces vigorous convection, which is related to the low threshold for convection to take place. Also, impacts of the convection scheme on the cloud profile are discussed.     

我国南方持续性暴雨成因的TBB场分析

利用多种资料分析了2014年7月13—17日贵州持续性暴雨过程的中尺度环境场特征及贵阳极端降水成因,并以多个时次不同要素资料进行合成分析,构建此次梅雨锋西段持续性暴雨的天气学模型。结果表明：(1)此次贵州持续性暴雨发生在单阻型梅雨稳定的背景下,当地持续3~4 d的强降水由中低层低涡切变、低空急流及地面静止锋(梅雨锋)共同作用造成。(2)梅雨锋雨带的建立、维持及移动造成贵州不同区域出现强降水。此次过程梅雨锋雨带对贵州的影响分四个阶段,其中,第三阶段梅雨锋西段缓慢南压过程中多个β中尺度云团更替、合并及缓慢移动造成贵阳及周边部分县市降水量突破历史极值。(3)中低纬度系统相互作用使水汽输送异常偏强。7月16日白天当年第9号超强台风“威马逊”进入我国南海海面后促使副热带高压西侧向北输送的水汽加强,该水汽与来自孟加拉湾的强盛西南暖湿气流在贵州上空汇合、加强,形成异常偏强的水汽通量及水汽辐合中心,这可能是贵阳极端降水发生的重要原因。(4)相比2010—2014年5—9月贵阳发生的另外4场大暴雨过程,该过程更长的降水持续时间可能是贵阳极端降水发生的另一重要原因。(5)贵阳强降水期间,强降水的雷达回波表现为层状云-积云混合降水回波,并具有低质心暖云降水特征,同时径向速度图上可见强劲西南急流及中尺度气旋性辐合。

     

Climate-driven chlorophyll-a concentration interannual variability in the South China Sea

Physical forcing and biological response are highly variable over a wide range of scales in the South China Sea. The present paper analyzed interannual variability of the surface chlorophyll-a concentration of the South China Sea using NASA standard SeaWiFS monthly products from 1997 to 2007. Time series of monthly data were first smoothed using a 12-month running mean filter. An empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis was performed to evaluate the interannual variability. The first EOF mode is characterized by a higher surface chlorophyll-a concentration in the deep basin of the South China Sea with a maximum value southwest of Luzon Strait. The corresponding time coefficient function is highly correlated with the multivariate ENSO index (MEI). The correlation coefficient is ?0.61 when the time coefficient function lags the MEI by 9?months. The second EOF mode is characterized by a northwest lower chlorophyll-a concentration. The corresponding time coefficient function correlates with the MEI at a correlation coefficient equal to 0.88, with a lag of 1?month. The third EOF mode shows the interannual variability of the chlorophyll-a concentration has some relationship with Indian Ocean dipole mode as well. The link between the climate and ocean biological states in the South China Sea is due to changes in upper-ocean temperature and wind field, which influence the availability of nutrients for phytoplankton growth.     

边界层参数化方案对暴雨数值模拟的影响

选取2003年7月4-5日南京暴雨个例，采用非静力中尺度模式MM5进行模拟，着重研究了不同边界层参数化方案对雨量中心强度、雨区分布的影响。结果表明：对于不同的边界层参数化方案，垂直速度场、水汽通量散度场、涡度场、水平风场的散度以及θse场都表现出不同的特征；合理边界层方案的引入对预报效果有明显的改进；结合边界层和自由大气的动力、热力结构进行了综合分析，给出了边界层作用与自由大气动力、热力结构的配置情况。说明这种配置对暴雨的形成是至关重要的。     

阿克苏河流域的面雨量序列及其与径流关系

以数字高程模型 (DEM) 的1km×1km网格数据为基础,对阿克苏河流域14个气象站和水文站的1961~2000年的年降水资料进行了自然正交分解 (EOF),通过回归分析,建立主要特征向量与地理因子的插值模型,给出了一个面雨量序列的计算方法,为建立气候要素的区域平均序列提供了一个有效的解决方案,并由此推算出年阿克苏流域平均年降水量的空间分布以及面雨量序列。径流量与面雨量之比 (R/P) 平均为0.43,最高为0.69 (1997年),最低为0.30 (1963年)。计算出的阿克苏河流域面雨量序列与阿克苏河实测径流量序列的趋势变化率分别为5.79×10⁸ m³/10a和4.29×10⁸ m³/10a,两者均表现出增加趋势,但面雨量的增加速率要比径流量大一些,年际变化幅度也要大,面雨量和径流量的变差系数Cv值分别为0.17和0.13。阿克苏河年径流量的变化与夏季0^oC层高度、年面雨量有着十分密切的关系,表明20世纪90年代以来新疆气候的变化是阿克苏河流域径流稳定增加的一个非常重要的因素。     

大气CO2浓度升高对土壤中不同粒级碳的影响

不同粒级土壤中的碳有着不同的周转规律，在高CO2浓度条件下，它们含量的变化将在一定程度上反映土壤碳是累积还是减少，对明确土壤碳的变化趋势有重要意义．采用田间培养试验初步模拟研究在高CO2浓度条件下土壤不同粒级碳的分布．结果表明，加入秸秆培养1年，由于CO2浓度升高的原因导致在低氮（LN）、常规氮（NN）和高氮（HN）水平下土壤中碳分别增加0．01、1．10、1．22g／kg，表现为粒级〈53μm土壤颗粒中碳分别增加1．53、2．19、2．70g／kg．粒级〈53μmm土壤颗粒碳量的增加，主要是由于其重量分配百分数显著增加36．2％，碳浓度增加5．4％；粒级〉250μm和250～53μm土壤颗粒部分虽然其碳浓度分别增加20．8％和17．3％（P〈0．05），怛由于重量分配百分数分别显著降低22．8％和36．1％，结果碳量降低．试验表明高CO2浓度导致不同粒级土壤的分配及碳浓度的变化；高氮施肥水平下有增加土壤碳量特别是小粒级土壤碳量的趋势．