Simulated various characteristic waves in acoustic full waveform relating to cement bond on the secondary interface

Bad cement bond with water channeling or low strength cement is usually generated on the first and/or secondary interfaces which lie between the cement and casing, and the cement and formation, respectively. It is an inherently complicated problem to evaluate cement bond on the secondary interface (SICB) in a cased borehole. So we need to find a useful wave for evaluating SICB and provide its propagation features. To achieve this, we simulated the acoustic full waveform, 2-D spectrum and dispersion curves in cased boreholes based on the real axis integration method, and a propagator matrix. Simulation results indicated that “casing-cement mode” wave can be utilized to evaluate SICB, as it is most sensitive to water channeling on the secondary interface. Velocity of this mode wave is in between that of the casing wave and the formation wave, so that it is easy to extract it in time. The dispersion curves showed that the casing-cement wave is a dispersion wave, but not a pseudo-Rayleigh wave. Its velocity is obviously larger than v_s of cement. Simulation results further indicated that the amplitude of casing-cement wave is decreasing with increasing cement sheath thickness, but not water channeling thickness, and its travel time is influenced by casing and cement together. Moreover, we investigated factors influencing the casing–cement wave and found that casing diameter and peak frequency are major factors influencing the amplitude and the travel time, while other factors, such as P-wave velocities of cement and wall thickness of casing, are minor factors. But none of these factors greatly influence bond index which is computed from the amplitude. So the bond index has an advantage over the amplitude during evaluating SICB. Formation wave is a helpful signal to evaluate low strength cement without water channeling, and its amplitude is mainly related to the velocities (or impedances) of both cement and formation except for formation attenuation and disturbance wave. Experimental data in calibration pits and field data detecting channeling demonstrated the simulation results.     

Comparison of genetic algorithms and shuffled complex evolution approach for calibrating distributed rainfall–runoff model

Three methods, Shuffled Complex Evolution (SCE), Simple Genetic Algorithm (SGA) and Micro‐Genetic Algorithm (µGA), are applied in parameter calibration of a grid‐based distributed rainfall–runoff model (GBDM) and compared by their performances. Ten and four historical storm events in the Yan‐Shui Creek catchment, Taiwan, provide the database for model calibration and verification, respectively. The study reveals that the SCE, SGA and µGA have close calibration results, and none of them are superior with respect to all the performance measures, i.e. the errors of time to peak, peak discharge and the total runoff volume, etc. The performances of the GBDM for the verification events are slightly worse than those in the calibration events, but still quite satisfactory. Among the three methods, the SCE seems to be more robust than the other two approaches because of the smallest influence of different initial random number seeds on calibrated model parameters, and has the best performance of verification with a relatively small number of calibration events. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

CONTRIBUTIONS OF PROF.ZHU KEZHEN TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF METEOROLOGY IN CHINA-IN MEMORY OF HIS CENTENARY BIRTHDAY

The year of 1990 is the 100th anniversary of birth of Prof.Zhu Kezhen(Chu Kochen),a great founder of China's modern meteorology who devoted all his life to its flourishing in the country.It has long been a generally-accepted fact that our meteorology of today,in both practical and theoretical aspects,is owed to his enormous contribution.We publish the special issue of the journal just to cherish the memory of his contribution and of his brilliant example of meticulous scholarship, assiduity in study and eagerness to pursue truth, which serve as a powerful source of continuous encouragement to advance the modernization of our meteorological undertakings.     

叠加变形有限应变分解及其应用探讨

本文提出了二维不同类型叠加变形的有限应变分解方法。只要测定有限应变及能代表各期主应变面的面理或剪切指向,就可以计算出各期构造应变。     

倡导生态矿业,促进矿业可持续发展

展望 2 1世纪中国矿业的发展 ,认为大力倡导和发展生态矿业 ,走资源开发与环境保护相协调的矿业可持续发展之路 ,是实施可持续发展战略的必然要求。本文对生态矿业进行了探讨 ,同时提出了矿业可持续发展的对策措施     

LBQS类星体样品球空间功率谱分析

本文用球空间功率谱分析方法研究了ＬＢＱＳ类星体样品的成团性，讨论了ｑ０、边界效应、红移测量误差的影响，并与相关函数的结果进行了比较，认为本样品类星体是不成团的或极弱成团。     

环境保护地图集的设计创新——论《绍兴市环境保护地图集》的编制

环境保护地图集作为环境保护工作成果的系统总结 ,其作用越来越受到关注 ,认识到它是环境保护决策、环境规划、环境管理、环境监测与科研等必不可少的有效表现手段。本文从绍兴市环境保护地图集的编制研究着手 ,探讨数字地图制图技术与环境科学技术的结合形式.     

快速数论变换的一种算法

本文构造了一种快速数论变换算法,该算法是一种以数论为基础,有效高速的数论变换算法,并且这种算法易于在计算机上实现。     

电测深法在金乡－单县寻找隐伏煤田中的应用及效果

本文以金乡－单县隐伏型石炭、二叠系煤田为例，论述和分析利用曲线类型来划分煤层的分布范围，利用电场特征来划分断裂构造，推断构造轮廓，在不易掌握各电性层电性参数的情况下，准确求出煤系底板的埋深，并通过与部分钻孔对比，分析电测深资料的有效性。     

GPS独立坐标网的计算方法探讨

对工程测量地面控制中GPS网的独立网的平差计算方法进行详细论述,旨在说明如何利用现有平差软件计算GPS网点坐标,以满足工程要求。