Second homes and local development: Issues arising from Cape Town's De Waterkant

The paper aims to make a contribution towards addressing the current paucity of academic reflection on second home development in South Africa. The paper focuses on the intersection between tourism, second homes and local development, as embodied in the empirical realities of a Cape Town neighbourhood — De Waterkant. It is argued that this particular case study presents an example of the types of local development impacts that second home expansion holds for host communities. These impacts include employment generation, urban conservation, a range of forward and backward economic linkages, as well as a flexible tourist accommodation supply. Moreover, the case study elucidates an interesting example of second homes as sites of simultaneous tourism space production and consumption at work. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The turbidity of the southern North Sea

Summary A brief survey is given of environmental factors influencing turbidity: tides, vertical stratification, seasonal factors, state of sea. Observations of Secchi disc visibility, averaged per half-degree, square, are compared with surface readings of beam attenuation of the seawater. Considering also results of measurements of daylight penetration in the North Sea, a thumb rule is found for the depth of the level of 1% daylight intensity, viz. three times the Secchi dept. For the southern North Sea it is possible to indicate lines of equal mean depth of that level during the periods December/May and June/November.

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Die Trübung der südlichen Nordsee

Zusammenfassung Es wird ein kurzer Überblick der die Trübung beeinflussenden Umweltsbedingungen gegeben: Tiden, vertikale Schichtung, jahreszeitliche Faktoren, Zustand der Meeresoberfläche. Beobachtungen der Durchsichtigkeit mit Hilfe von Secchi-Scheiben, gemittelt über Halbgradfelder werden verglichen mit Oberflächenmessungen der Lichtabschwächung des Seewassers. Unter Berücksichtigung auch von Meßergebnissen von Tageslichtdurchdringung in der Nordsee ist eine Faustregel für die Tiefe auf der Basis von 1% Tageslichtintensität gefunden worden, nämlich das Dreifache der Secchi-Tiefe. Für die südliche Nordsee ist es möglich, Linien gleicher mittlerer Tiefen auf dieser Basis während der Perioden Dezember/Mai und Juni/November zu bestimmen.

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La turbidité dans la partie Sud de la mer du Nord

Résumé On passe en revue brièvement les facteurs ambiants qui influencent la turbidité: marées, stratification verticale, facteurs saisonniers, état de la mer. Des observations de transparence par disque de Secchi, calculées en moyenne par carré d'un demi-degré, sont comparées avec l'affaiblissement du rayonnement lumineux dans l'eau de mer constaté à la surface. En tenant compte aussi des mesures de la pénétration de la lumière du jour dans la mer du Nord, on établit une loi approximative donnant la profondeur au niveau de laquelle l'intensité de cette lumière est de 1% et qui est trois fois la profondeur de Secchi. Pour la partie Sud de la mer du Nord, il est possible de déterminer des lignes d'égale profondeur moyenne de ce niveau pour les périodes de Décembre à Mai et de Juin à Novembre.

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Nach einem Vortrag gehalten auf der ICES-Tagung 1969 in Dublin.     

On the connections between the 11-year sunspot period and the periods of about 3 and 7 years in world weather

Summary Five ofBerlage's eight empirical rules concerning the Southern Oscillation (1957) may be united in one general rule with regard to the different influence of solar activity during 11-year sunspot cycles with annual maximum numberR above or below 85 (Tables 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6). The opposite character of strong and weak 11-year cycles of solar activity is also present in the 7-year period (Tables 7, 8, 9 and 10; Fig. 1). Finally it is shown that a similar contrast obviously exists in the appearance of polar lights (Table 11, Fig. 2 and 3).The results have not been statistically tested. Because of the rather small number of solar periods involved and the complicated character of the relations found, I could not find a satisfactory statistical method to operate with. I may emphasize, however, the converging evidence enlarging considerably the statistical significance of my results.     

An integrated framework of coastal flood modelling under the failures of sea dikes: a case study in Shanghai

Natural Hazards - Climate change leads to sea level rise worldwide, as well as increases in the intensity and frequency of tropical cyclones (TCs). Storm surge induced by TC’s, together with...     

Measuring Accessibility with GIS-Tools: A Case Study of the Wild Coast of South Africa

Although most GIS-based planning support have the capacity to show the location and attributes of different places, very few GIS-based systems are able to describe adequately the degree of spatial interaction, or the geographic accessibility, between places. The Faculty of Geographical Sciences of the Utrecht University (The Netherlands) and the South African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), are developing a methodology to address the problem of measuring accessibility by integrating specialised GIS software (FlowMap) that measures the geographic accessibility between locations within a spatial decision support system (AccessMap). The resulting GIS-tool is applied to the Wild Coast area in South Africa. In this region a lack of accessibility to market centres is perceived as one of the major constraints of economic development in the region.     

Biogeomorphology in the marine landscape: Modelling the feedbacks between patches of the polychaete worm Lanice conchilega and tidal sand waves

Tidal sand waves are dynamic bedforms found in coastal shelf seas. Moreover, these areas are inhabited by numerous benthic species, of which the spatial distribution is linked to the morphological structure of sand waves. In particular, the tube-building worm Lanice conchilegais of interest as this organism forms small mounds on the seabed, which provide shelter to other organisms. We investigate how the interactions between small-scale mounds (height ∼dm) and large-scale sand waves (height ∼m) shape the bed of the marine environment. To this end, we present a two-way coupled process-based model of sand waves and tube-building worm patches in Delft3D. The population density evolves according to a general law of logistic growth, with the bed shear stress controlling the carrying capacity. Worm patches are randomly seeded and the tubes are mimicked by small cylinders that influence flow and turbulence, thereby altering sediment dynamics. Model results relate the patches with the highest worm densities to the sand wave troughs, which qualitatively agrees with field observations. Furthermore, the L. conchilegatubes trigger the formation of sandy mounds on the seabed. Because of the population density distribution, the mounds in the troughs can be several centimetres higher than on the crests. Regarding sand wave morphology, the combination of patches and mounds are found to shorten the time-to-equilibrium. Also, if the initial bed comprised small sinusoidal sand waves, the equilibrium wave height decreased with a few decimetres compared to the situation without worm patches. As the timescale of mound formation (years) is shorter than that of sand wave evolution (decades), the mounds induce (and accelerate) sand wave growth on a similar spatial scale to the mounds. Initially, this leads to shorter sand waves than they would be in an abiotic environment. However, near equilibrium the wavelengths tend towards their abiotic counterparts again. © 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd     

Combining process-based and surface-based models to simulate subsurface heterogeneity in volcanic aquifers

Realistic models of lithologic structure are critical for predicting flow and transport through heterogeneous volcanic aquifers. Existing models of lava flows based on physical processes are able to realistically simulate flow geometry and lithology, but the computational intensity limits applicability in generating entire aquifers. Fast surface-based models have been developed for hazard mapping, but these do not incorporate 3D geometry or lithology critical for hydrogeologic applications. Here we develop a hybrid modeling method (HMM) based on a combination of a process-based model (PBM) and a surface-based model. The methodologies are presented and compared to a known single flow and to each other in a full aquifer simulation. Results indicate that both the PBM and HMM simulations reasonably reproduce the flow geometry (length, branching, thickness) of the 1984 eruption of Mauna Loa in Hawai’i. Simulations of a volcanic aquifer built from 100 flows with the PBM and HMM are similar in spatial distribution and overall proportions of lithology (aa, transitional, pahoehoe, ash), flow geometry, and aquifer geometry. Thus, the hybrid method is an efficient method to generate geologically realistic models of volcanic aquifer structure. Model realism and parameterization can be improved as more field data become available.     

Probability of radial anisotropy in the deep mantle

It is well established that the Earth's uppermost mantle is anisotropic, but observations of anisotropy in the deeper mantle have been more ambiguous. Radial anisotropy, the discrepancy between Love and Rayleigh waves, was included in the top 220 km of PREM, but there is no consensus whether anisotropy is present below that depth. Fundamental mode surface waves, for commonly used periods up to 200 s, are sensitive to structure in the first few hundred kilometers and therefore do not provide information on anisotropy below. Higher mode surface waves, however, have sensitivities that extend to and below the transition zone and should thus give insight about anisotropy at greater depths, but they are very difficult to measure. We previously developed a new technique to measure higher mode surface wave phase velocities with consistent uncertainties. These data are used here to construct probability density functions of a radially anisotropic Earth model down to approximately 1500 km. In the uppermost mantle, we obtain a high probability of faster horizontally polarized shear wave speed, likely to be related to plate motion. In the asthenosphere and transition zone, however, we find a high probability of faster vertically polarized shear wave speed. To a depth of 1500 km in the lower mantle, we see no significant shear wave anisotropy. This is consistent with results from laboratory measurements which show that lower mantle minerals are anisotropic but LPO is unlikely to develop in the pressure–temperature conditions present in the mid-mantle.