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71.
Manuela Lasagna Domenico Antonio De Luca Laura Debernardi Paolo Clemente 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,70(6):2767-2784
This paper discusses the effects of the dilution process on levels of aquifer contamination attenuation, developing analytical equations for application in theoretical and practical cases. The key finding is that, in aquifers, the dilution process causes a reduction of the contaminant concentration. Analytical equations for the assessment of the contaminant attenuation capacity, by means of the dilution process in an aquifer, are put forward. In particular, the attenuation of the contaminant concentration in an aquifer, and thus the dilution, is described by the volumetric flow rate per unit width perpendicular to the flow direction (q u). Moreover, a classification of q u was developed, considering six classes of attenuation capacity due to dilution. For the equations validation, nitrate contamination attenuation due to dilution was analysed in two sample areas in Piedmont (North-West Italy). The results confirmed the hypothesis, evidencing high nitrate concentrations in areas with low q u values, connected to low dilution rate of the contaminant in the groundwater; vice versa, low nitrate concentrations were evidenced in areas with high q u values, due to a high nitrate dilution rate. 相似文献
72.
A preliminary investigation of the geomorphological evolution of the small delta of the Argentina river (Riviera di Ponente, Italy) shows that it has largely been affected by anthropic processes. Erosion is undermining land and structural developments not only in the delta, but also along the nearby shores and a thorough knowledge of them seems necessary prior to management applications. In fact, processes affecting the evolution of the investigated area could well be regarded as a good example of the evolution of many other deltaic areas in the Northern Mediterranean. 相似文献
73.
Giuseppe Montana Luciana Randazzo Paolo Mazzoleni 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,67(4):1097-1110
Blackening and disaggregation of exposed surfaces of stone monuments are well-known effects of stone decay taking place in polluted urban environments all over the world. This paper aims to assess the contribution of natural and anthropogenic sources of total suspended particulate (TSP) causing permanent damage (black crusts) to the stone monuments of Catania (Sicily), one of the most popular ??cities of art?? of southern Italy. Atmospheric pollution of Catania, a typical Mediterranean coastal town, is mainly contributed by vehicle exhaust emissions rather than industrial ones. Episodically, the city also suffers gaseous and ash emissions (plumes) from the nearby Mount Etna volcano. Thus, to discriminate between natural and anthropogenic contributions to stone decay on Catania monuments, black crusts and TSP were sampled within the urban area and subjected to specific analytical procedures (optical microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectrometry, ionic chromatography and dual inlet mass spectrometry). Mineralogical, chemical and isotopic characterization of black crusts and TSP provided new insights concerning the partition of sulfate sources in this particular urban context. The influence of Mount Etna emissions on both TSP and black crusts compositions was shown. Nevertheless, the key role of anthropogenic sources in the total sulfate budget was confirmed, while sea spray and volcanic emissions were found to make subordinate contributions. Quantitative data useful for the identification of the threshold pollution levels for preventive conservation of Catania monuments were obtained. 相似文献
74.
75.
Andrea Blašković Paolo Fastelli Hrvoje Čižmek Cristiana Guerranti Monia Renzi 《Marine pollution bulletin》2017,114(1):583-586
This paper reports baseline levels of litter (macro, meso and microplastics) in sediments collected from different areas of the Croatian MPA of the Natural Park of Tela??ica bay (Adriatic Sea, GSA n. 17). The distribution of total abundance according to size, for all analysed locations evidences that microplastics are the dominant fraction concerning item's numbers. In all analysed samples no macroplastics were found, while microplastics are 88.71% and mesoplastics are 11.29% of the total. 相似文献
76.
Bernard Fontaine Javier Garcia-Serrano Pascal Roucou Belen Rodriguez-Fonseca Teresa Losada Fabrice Chauvin Sébastien Gervois Sivarajan Sijikumar Paolo Ruti Serge Janicot 《Climate Dynamics》2010,35(1):95-114
Using both empirical and numerical ensemble approaches this study focuses on the Mediterranean/West African relationship in
northern summer. Statistical analyses utilize skin temperature, sea surface temperature, in situ and satellite rainfall, outgoing
longwave radiation (OLR) observations and reanalyzed data winds and specific humidity on isobaric surfaces. Numerical investigations
are based on a large set of sensitivity experiments performed on four atmospheric general circulation models (AGCM): ARPEGE-Climat3,
ECHAM4, LMDZ4 and UCLA7.3. Model outputs are compared to observations, discussed model by model and with an ensemble (multi-model)
approach. As in previous studies the anomalous Mediterranean warm events are associated with specific impacts over the African
monsoon region, i.e., a more intense monsoon, enhanced flux convergence and ascendances around the ITCZ, a strengthening of
low level moisture advection and a more northward location of ascending motion in West Africa. The results show also new features
(1) thermal variability observed in the two Mediterranean basins has unalike impacts, i.e. the western Mediterranean covaries
with convection in Gulf of Guinea, while the eastern Mediterranean can be interpreted as Sahelian thermal-forcing; (2) although
observations show symmetry between warming and cooling, modelling evidences only support the eastern warming influence; (3)
anomalous East warm situations are associated with a more northward migration of the monsoon system accompanied by enhanced
southwertely flow and weakened northeasterly climatological wind; (4) the multi-model response shows that anomalous East warm
surface temperatures generate an enhancement of the overturning circulation in low and high levels, an increase in TEJ (Tropical
Eeasterly Jet) and a decrease in AEJ (African Eeasterly Jet). 相似文献
77.
78.
Wolfram Wobrock Andrea I. Flossmann Marie Monier Jean-Marc Pichon Laurent Cortez Jean-Franois Fournol Alfons Schwarzenbck Stephan Mertes Jost Heintzenberg Paolo Laj Giordano Orsi Loretta Ricci Sandro Fuzzi Harry Ten Brink Piet Jongejan Ren Otjes 《Atmospheric Research》2001,58(4):7907
The second field campaign of the Cloud Ice Mountain Experiment (CIME) project took place in February 1998 on the mountain Puy de Dôme in the centre of France. The content of residual aerosol particles, of H2O2 and NH3 in cloud droplets was evaluated by evaporating the drops larger than 5 μm in a Counterflow Virtual Impactor (CVI) and by measuring the residual particle concentration and the released gas content. The same trace species were studied behind a round jet impactor for the complementary interstitial aerosol particles smaller than 5 μm diameter. In a second step of experiments, the ambient supercooled cloud was converted to a mixed phase cloud by seeding the cloud with ice particles by the gas release from pressurised gas bottles. A comparison between the physical and chemical characteristics of liquid drops and ice particles allows a study of the fate of the trace constituents during the presence of ice crystals in the cloud.In the present paper, an overview is given of the CIME 98 experiment and the instrumentation deployed. The meteorological situation during the experiment was analysed with the help of a cloud scale model. The microphysics processes and the behaviour of the scavenged aerosol particles before and during seeding are analysed with the detailed microphysical model ExMix. The simulation results agreed well with the observations and confirmed the assumption that the Bergeron–Findeisen process was dominating during seeding and was influencing the partitioning of aerosol particles between drops and ice crystals. The results of the CIME 98 experiment give an insight on microphysical changes, redistribution of aerosol particles and cloud chemistry during the Bergeron–Findeisen process when acting also in natural clouds. 相似文献
79.
Paolo Laj Andrea I. Flossmann Wolfram Wobrock Sandro Fuzzi Giordano Orsi Loretta Ricci Stephan Mertes Alfons Schwarzenbck Jost Heintzenberg Harry Ten Brink 《Atmospheric Research》2001,58(4):256
We investigated the partitioning of trace substances during the phase transition from supercooled to mixed-phase cloud induced by artificial seeding. Simultaneous determination of the concentrations of H2O2, NH3 and black carbon (BC) in both condensed and interstitial phases with high time resolution showed that the three species undergo different behaviour in the presence of a mixture of ice crystals and supercooled droplets. Both H2O2 and NH3 are efficiently scavenged by growing ice crystals, whereas BC stayed predominantly in the interstitial phase. In addition, the scavenging of H2O2 is driven by co-condensation with water vapour onto ice crystals while NH3 uptake into the ice phase is more efficient than co-condensation alone. The high solubility of NH4+ in the ice could explain this result. Finally, it appears that the H2O2–SO2 reaction is very slow in the ice phase with respect to the liquid phase. Our results are directly applicable for clouds undergoing limited riming. 相似文献
80.
Martino Amodio Paolo Bruno Maurizio Caselli Gianluigi de Gennaro Paolo Rosario Dambruoso Barbara Elisabetta Daresta Pieirna Ielpo Francesco Gungolo Claudia Marcella Placentino Vincenzo Paolillo Maria Tutino 《Atmospheric Research》2008,90(2-4):313-ICNAA07
Some peak PM10 episodes, occurred during PM monitoring campaigns performed on October 2005 and February and June 2006 in Bari town, have been characterized. Moreover back trajectories of air masses and Principal Component Analyses were applied. Three of the peak PM10 episodes investigated were related to local emissions of primary pollutants during poor atmospheric dispersion conditions. The other two peak PM10 episodes considered are related with long range transport air masses toward Apulia region: in one case the chemical characterization and the back trajectories analysis indicate that high PM10 value detected is due to the Saharan dust advection in the Apulia region; in the other case air masses with different origin give rise to high PM10 value.Moreover PM10 daily mean concentrations, presented in this paper collected from January 2005 to August 2007 and obtained by automatic device in six stations of air quality monitoring networks in Bari territory, do not show a seasonal trend for PM10 concentrations, contrary to the PM10 trend shown in the towns of North Italy. This can be explained mostly considering that our region presents generally meteo-climatic conditions that favour pollutants dispersion. 相似文献