Assessment of runoff and sediment yield in the Miyun Reservoir catchment by using SWAT model

The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to simulate the transport of runoff and sediment into the Miyun Reservoir, Beijing in this study. The main objective was to validate the performance of SWAT and the feasibility of using this model as a simulator of runoff and sediment transport processes at a catchment scale in arid and semi‐arid area in North China, and related processes affecting water quantity and soil erosion in the catchment were simulated. The investigation was conducted using a 6‐year historical streamflow and sediment record from 1986 to 1991; the data from 1986 to 1988 was used for calibration and that from 1989 to 1991 for validation. The SWAT generally performs well and could accurately simulate both daily and monthly runoff and sediment yield. The simulated daily and monthly runoff matched the observed values satisfactorily, with a Nash‐Sutcliffe coefficient of greater than 0·6, 0·9 and a coefficient of determination 0·75, 0·9 at two outlet stations (Xiahui and Zhangjiafen stations) during calibration. These values were 0·6, 0·85 and 0·6, 0·9 during validation. For sediment simulation, the efficiency is lower than that for runoff. Even so, the Nash‐Sutcliffe coefficient and coefficient of determination were greater than 0·48 and 0·6 for monthly sediment yield during calibration, and these values were greater than 0·84 and 0·95 during validation. Sensitivity analysis shows that sensitive parameters for the simulation of discharge and sediment yield include curve number, base flow alpha factor, soil evaporation compensation factor, soil available water capacity, soil profile depth, surface flow lag time and channel re‐entrained linear parameter, etc. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

缺级粗粒土管涌类型的判别方法

利用大型渗透变形仪,对不同最大粒径和细粒含量的缺级粗粒土的渗透破坏特性进行了系统的试验研究。研究结果表明,缺级粗粒土在细料含量小于30 %的情况下都发生管涌型渗透破坏,基本符合前人提出的判别流土和管涌的准则。管涌破坏的类型可划分为发展性管涌和非发展性管涌两种,采用刘杰和康德拉且夫对发展性和非发展性管涌的判别方法都不能区分本次试验的管涌破坏类型。在康德拉且夫提出的判别粗粒土管涌类型的方法的基础上,考虑细料对粗料孔隙的填充程度及试样中缺级颗粒百分含量的影响,建立了缺级粗粒土管涌类型的判别式,为缺级粗粒土管涌类型的判别提供了新的思路和方法。     

鄂尔多斯盆地上石炭统—中二叠统砂岩物源分析*

对区域地质、地层接触关系、砂岩组分、重矿物及微量元素等的综合分析与研究结果表明,鄂尔多斯盆地北部上石炭统—中二叠统砂岩的物源区主要为再旋回造山带物源区,并可划分出乌海—银川、杭锦旗—东胜及准格尔旗—府谷3个物源区。受物源分异的影响,盆地内部石英砂岩分布以杭锦旗—东胜为界,具有明显的东西分区性。其中石英砂岩主要分布于盆地西部,古水流、重矿物及砂岩组分指示物源来自阿拉善古陆。而盆地东部总体上是岩屑砂岩的覆盖区,物源主要来自盆地北部和东北部阴山地区。盆地西南部及南部砂岩的物源区为克拉通地块和再旋回造山区,物源区与秦祁造山带的演化关系密切,具有稳定与活动的双重特性,可划分出海原、同心—中宁,平凉—固原、环县及耀县—宜君、富县3个主要物源区。南北物源汇水区在环县—富县—乡宁一带,呈北西西向狭长带状延伸,并从山西期—盒8期呈逐渐南移趋势。盆地西部物源到下石盒子组沉积时期才提供粗碎屑物质补给,以含有较多的长石石英砂岩为特征。周至柳叶河石炭—二叠系砂岩的物源区为再旋回造山带物源区和陆块物源区,为北秦岭造山带内山间盆地,属于盆地外缘,并与鄂尔多斯盆地呈连续过渡的关系。     

A Comparative Study of Distribution of Heavy Metal Concentrations in the Pomacea insularum Collected from Polluted and Unpolluted Sites of the Freshwater Ecosystem in Malaysia

The snails (Pomacea insularum) were collected from polluted and unpolluted sites at Juru River and the Universiti Putra Malaysia Lake, respectively. Besides the shells, the soft tissues of snails were dissected into 6 different parts: intestine, operculum, foot, pennial sac, lung sac and the remainder. They were analyzed for the concentrations of Cu, Cd, Zn, Pb, Ni and Fe. The present study found 6 interesting points. First, all the metal levels found in the different parts of P. insularum collected from Juru River were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those in the snails of unpolluted lake. These results were also supported by the sediment data in which the Juru River sediment had significantly (p<0.05) higher levels of metal than those in the unpolluted lake. Second, the high levels of Cd and Pb were found in the shell of P. insularum, indicating that it is a potential biomonitoring material for these metals. Third, intestine accumulated elevated levels of Zn, Ni and Fe and thus is a potential biomonitoring organ for the 3 metals. Fourth, high levels of Cu were found in the lung sac and this phenomenon could be related to this metal binding to metallothionein in this organ. Fifth, elevated level of Pb found in the soft tissues of P. insularum indicated that this snail is not suitable for human consumption since its pollution level was higher than the food safety guideline for Pb. Sixth, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the different sizes (small sizes: 30.5-33.2 mm; large sizes: 37.7-40.4 mm) of P. insularum. The first 5 points supported the use of different soft tissues of P. insularum as biomonitoring organs of heavy metal pollution in the freshwater ecosystem in Malaysia although further validation is required.     

超声多波检测新方法模型试验研究

传统金属回波(反射波)探伤法,我们称之为"单波检测法",用的是单分量探头.此方法不能直接检测伤的大小和形状,只能采用相对比较的方法,即用未知量(伤)与已知量(规则的人工伤)的回波振幅相比较的方法,来确定伤的当量大小和形状.此方法可以基本确定伤的位置,但不是实际伤的大小、形状和位置,不能满足实际部门的需要.下面引入新方法,即"多波检测法".这一新方法能直接检测伤的大小、形状和位置.     

旅游环境游客满意度的指数测评模型--以黄山风景区为例

旅游环境游客满意度评价是当前旅游环境管理研究的热点和难点之一。文章基于美国顾客满意度指数(ACSI)模型,从环境感知、旅游期望、游览价值、游客满意度、游客忠诚和游客抱怨6大影响模块建立了旅游环境游客满意度指数(TSI)测评模型,并对黄山风景区进行实证分析,得出黄山游客总体满意度指数为82.34。从6大影响模块来看,游览价值是满意度的主要影响因素(β32=1.266),满意度又直接影响忠诚度(β53=0.972)。从6大模块的具体影响因素来看,社会服务环境感知是影响环境感知的关键因素(λ21=0.878),社会服务环境期望对总体旅游期望影响也最大(λ2=0.94),价格是游览价值的主要决定因素(λ52=0.913)。文章采用多元回归分析法和因素重要性推导模型对TSI模型进行了验证,结论吻合。     

中国深层煤层气勘探开发进展、关键评价参数与前景展望

经过30 a的不懈探索,我国煤层气开发井型逐渐由直井向水平井开发过渡,水平井开发煤层气的基础理论是制约当前煤层气开发的主要问题。和页岩相比,煤层页理和脆性矿物不发育,非均质性更强,不利于体积缝网的形成。但煤层顶底板封盖强,机械强度高,具备较好的水力压裂条件。部分煤层裂隙被方解石等填充,酸化有利于储层渗透率改善和复杂裂缝形成。因此,建立一套适合煤层气储层特征的水平井开发工艺尤为重要。针对煤层地质特征,从水平井长度优化、簇间距优化、压裂液选择、支撑剂选择、返排率、最终可采储量(EUR)特征6个方面,系统分析煤层气水平井开发技术经济政策,认为煤层气水平段长度一般不超过1 000 m,簇间距15~30 m储层改造效果较好;深部煤层气压裂液中加入滑溜水破胶剂及少量低温辅助破胶剂可提高破胶效率;相比中浅部煤层气储层,深部煤层压裂支撑剂应提高大粒径(0.425/0.850 mm)比例;深部煤层(如大吉区块8号煤)达到最高产气时的压裂液返排率与威远−长宁页岩气相近;煤层气EUR偏低,但用液强度、加砂强度大,应提高煤层气开发效率及经济效益等。煤层气开发效果受地质特征和开发工程技术协同控制,从地质工程一体化角度,提出下步煤层气水平井开发的对策,指出应进一步优化煤层气水平井开发工艺;完善水平井钻完井与配套技术,降低单井钻完井成本;依据煤粉迁移规律,实现煤层气水平井控粉有序返排,提高排采效果;依据游离与吸附气赋存比例,优化生产控制技术提升单井EUR。

     

打桩振动对建筑物影响评价方法探讨

打桩振动因其传播过程受到地质结构、地面环境和振动持时等条件影响,导致振动效应差别较大。探讨了打桩振动对建筑物影响的评价标准和评价方法,并结合工程实例,通过调查、分析打桩振动与建筑物破损的相关因素,根据实测场地各方向的振动效应,结合各相关影响因子建立场地的衰减规律,合理地评判了打桩振动影响范围。     

煤矿井下长钻孔煤层瓦斯含量精准测试技术及装置

针对煤矿井下大范围超前探测煤层瓦斯含量的实际需求,提出了煤矿井下煤层瓦斯含量测试密闭取心方法,设计并试制了适合于煤矿井下长钻孔煤层瓦斯含量精准测试的\     

北京局地降水中地形和边界层辐合线的作用

利用常规观测资料、地面加密自动站资料、雷达探测资料与NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料等,对低层偏东气流影响下贵州铜仁梵净山东侧4次强降水天气过程进行了分析,重点探讨了在低层偏东气流与地形共同作用下的强降水形成机制,并归纳低层偏东气流影响下的梵净山东侧强降水概念模型。结果表明：（1）高空槽、低层切变线、地面中尺度辐合线是影响梵净山东侧强降水的主要天气系统;（2）低层浅薄偏东气流对梵净山东侧强降水起着关键作用,当低空气流u分量随高度减小时,地形迎风坡气流辐合上升,而气流v分量随高度增加时,地形迎风坡会产生与山脉垂直的水平涡管,在地形抬升作用下涡管向上凸起形成两个涡管环流圈,涡度垂直分量使山脚附近上升气流加强而有利于山脚产生强降水;（3）梵净山东侧强降水区的形成存在三种机制,即迎风坡山脚多次触发对流形成雨量叠加效应、地面中尺度辐合线自身触发组织对流、回波沿地面中尺度辐合线东移形成“列车效应”,三种机制产生的降水带与地面中尺度辐合线走向一致。