DEVELOPMENT OF EARTHQUAKE EMERGENCY DISASTER INFORMATION PRE-EVALUATION DATA BASED ON KM GRID

After an earthquake, earthquake emergency response and rescue is one of the effective ways to reduce casualties from the earthquake. Earthquake emergency disaster information is one of crucial factors to effectively guide the rescue work. However, there is a "black box effect" on the emergency disaster information acquisition after an earthquake, which means real-time earthquake disaster information is insufficient. Hazard estimates are usually used as a substitute for the real-time disaster information in the "black box" period. However, it is subject to the accuracy and speed of the estimation. The development of the km grid technology provides good prospect to solve this problem. The paper suggests to develop earthquake disaster information pre-estimation data with the support of the km grid technology. The definition and source of the pre-estimation data are introduced and its possibility in improving the estimation speed and accuracy are analyzed theoretically. Then, we elaborate the calculation model of the pre-estimation data. The framework of the model includes disaster-bearing body data, disaster-causing factors used in calculation and calculation formula. The disaster-bearing body data in km grid format are introduced, including population data in km grid format and building data in km grid format. Then the four elements of the earthquake(earthquake occurrence time, earthquake location, earthquake magnitude and focal depth)are selected as disaster-causing factors for calculation. Map algebra method is used to realize the calculation model in which calculation parameters are associated with base map in the km grid format. So the pre-estimation data are developed by python and ArcGIS, which includes building damage dataset(100 layers), death toll dataset(10 layers)and direct economic loss dataset(5 layers). Finally, the pre-estimation data based method for earthquake emergency disaster information estimation is presented. With the support of this method, two real earthquake cases are used to validate the effect of the pre-estimation data. The validation results show the pre-estimation data can not only significantly improve the speed of the estimation but also greatly improve the accuracy of the estimation. Another good result is found in the validation process that with the support of the pre-estimation data, the estimated result can display the spatial distribution of the disaster information, which will effectively aid earthquake emergency response and rescues.     

PRE-ASSESSMENT OF EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED LOSSES BASED ON FIELD SURVEY AND KILOMETER GRID DATASET: A CASE STUDY FROM DEHONG DAI-JINGPO AUTONOMOUS PREFECTURE

The pre-assessment of earthquake damage based on field surveys and grid dataset in 1km resolution is very helpful for emergency preparedness and mitigation of earthquake disaster losses.In this paper,we briefly introduced the contents,principles,methods and the results of software assessment as well as the revised results after field surveys.In addition,the emergency supplies and manpower requirements after the outbreak of earthquake are discussed.The assessment contents include the earthquake affected area and population,the amount of casualties,injuries,economic losses,and the number of population to be resettled.Scenario earthquake is set with an interval of 50 kilometers along the major faults and the losses induced by earthquake are outputted by the software.After that,the software outputs are revised based on field surveys.In addition,according to the earthquake cases happening between 2008 and 2015,the growth curve model used to estimate the demand of rescue supplies and teams is also proposed in this study.Based on this model and the software named earthquake emergency disaster rapid assessment and dynamic visualized software (NIE Gao-zhong,2014),and with the help of the statistical data such as population density and socio-economic situations,earthquake losses are pre-assessed by taking Dehong Dai-Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture as an example.The comparison shows that the actual losses are nearly the same as the software outputs.However,due to the ignorance of the casualties caused by geological disasters,the revised casualties are more than the software output.Not only the study area discussed in this paper,the earthquake loss assessment method can also be used to other regions in China.     

内蒙古拜仁达坝-维拉斯托银多金属矿床的矿相学特征

拜仁达坝和维拉斯托是近年来在内蒙古东部地区发现的2个大型银多金属矿床。文章通过岩相学、BSE图像与电镜能谱等手段对其矿相学特征进行了系统研究。笔者结合矿床地质特征,厘清了2个矿区金属矿物的种类、产出状态及生成顺序,共确定3期4个阶段的矿化作用。第1期成矿作用主要形成胶状黄铁矿,代表低温热（水）的沉积环境。第2期成矿作用是一次中高温热液成矿作用,以高温矿物毒砂与锡石为标志,形成As-S金属硫化物矿化：黄铁矿+闪锌矿+方铅矿+磁黄铁矿+黄铜矿+毒砂+锡石,随后经历了强烈的构造破碎和强烈的糜棱岩化,形成了一系列具有脆性变形-角砾状和塑性变形-糜棱状结构构造特征的矿石类型。第3期成矿作用包括2个成矿阶段：第1阶段为中高温热液成矿阶段,形成一系列富S的金属矿化和Bi+Ag的金属硫化物：毒砂→黄铁矿→自然Bi+硫银铋矿→方铅矿+磁黄铁矿+闪锌矿+黄铜矿等;第2阶段为中-低温热液活动,形成一系列贫S富Sb+Ag的金属硫化物：磁黄铁矿+方铅矿+闪锌矿→纤硫锑铅矿+银黝铜矿→六方锑银矿+锑银矿→自然银。其中铅锌矿化与第2、3期成矿作用有关,而银矿化主要与第3期成矿作用的第4阶段有关。     

Isotopic Ages of the Carbonatitic Volcanic Rocks in the Kunyang Rift Zone in Central Yunnan, China

The Mesoproterozoic Kunyang rift, which is located on the western margin of the Yangtze platform and the southern section of the Kangdian axis, is a rare massive Precambrian iron-copper polymetallic mineralization zone in China. The Mesoproterozoic Wulu (Wuding-Lufeng) basin in the middle of the rift is an elliptic basin controlled by a ring fracture system. Moreover, volcanic activities in the basin display zonation of an outer ring, a middle ring and an inner ring with carbonatitic volcanic rocks and sub-volcanic dykes discovered in the outer and middle rings. The Sm-Nd isochron ages have been determined for the outer-ring carbonatitic lavas (1685 Ma) and basaltic porphyrite of the radiating dyke swarm (1645 Ma) and the Rb-Sr isochron ages for the out-ring carbonatitic lavas (893 Ma) and the middle-ring dykes (1048 Ma). In combination of the U-Pb concordant ages of zircon (1743 Ma) in trachy-andesite of the corresponding period and stratum (1569 Ma) of the Etouchang Formation, as well as the Rb-Sr iso     

安徽东至查册桥矿区金矿地质特征及找矿潜力分析

查册桥矿区位于江南过渡带，包括牛头高家金矿床、程檀金矿床、路源金矿点和东边金矿化点、杨梅尖金矿点.其中牛头高家金矿是安徽省首次发现的具一定规模的红土型金矿.研究区主体位于东至断裂与高坦断裂带交汇处及其两侧，三岗尖-杨美桥背斜核部及北翼.区内存在多个重要的赋矿层位，主要包括南华系休宁组、南沱组，震旦系蓝田组，寒武系黄柏岭组、杨柳岗组，奥陶系仑山组、东至组.高坦断裂带、兰程畈断裂带、奥陶系/志留系间的推覆-滑覆断层界面均是重要的控岩控矿构造，区内岩浆岩主要受其控制，物化探异常也主要沿其分布.通过对矿床地质特征总结，并结合前人研究成果，对找矿潜力进行分析，认为区内具有寻找低温热液型-叠改型、层控夕卡岩型、岩浆热液脉型金、铜、钨、钼、银、铅锌等矿化的潜力.     

加拿大霍普布鲁克金矿矿床地质特征

霍普布鲁克(Hope Brook)金矿床是加拿大第六大金矿床,产于新元古界的阿巴拉契亚山脉阿瓦隆区岩体中,地表出露面积为3000×400m2,向深部逐渐变小。该矿具有复杂的岩脉构造,与浅水体为主的火山碎屑序列的长英质、镁铁质火山碎屑岩密切相关。矿床赋存于大范围的热液蚀变区中,蚀变区内普遍有酸浸现象,并具有大量的泥质蚀变特点。同位素年代学证据表明,成矿时代为早—中寒武世(576±10Ma),是多期次热液作用,同时伴有侵入岩浆以及火山作用产生的凝灰岩共同影响的产物,属于典型的高硫化的浅成低温热液金矿床。     

加拿大拜韦尔特半岛金-铜矿集区成矿地质背景与矿床特征

拜韦尔特半岛矿产资源主要包括铜、金和石棉,区域地层和构造是控制矿床形成、发展和叠加改造的主要因素。这些矿产资源主要赋存在拜韦尔特海洋带达利吉带圣母玛利亚亚带的早奥陶世潜次火山岩中,包括起源于超俯冲作用带的蛇绿岩套和火山岩盖层。其蛇绿岩套超镁铁堆积岩的热液蚀变岩中产出石棉,火山成因的块状硫化物型(VMS型)铜±金矿产在基性和双峰式火山岩中,金矿产在基性和超基性的热液蚀变岩中。而蛇绿岩套火山岩盖层中则产出与条带状含铁建造(BIF)有关的后生金矿,石英脉型或相关的交代型矿床则大多赋存在蚀变和变形的基性岩中。拜韦尔特半岛的构造样式和几何结构非常复杂。     

内蒙古二连盆地砂岩型铀矿目的层赛汉组分段与铀矿化

近年在内蒙古二连盆地赛汉组中找到了可观的砂岩型铀矿资源。关于早白垩世赛汉组的分段没有统一的认识,严重影响了铀矿勘查工作的布置。利用石油、煤炭和核工业部门勘查钻孔岩性、测井曲线、综合编录、地震剖面等资料,结合古气候-颜色变化、沉积序列变化反映的沉积环境,将赛汉组划分为4段。赛汉组一段,主要为一套冲积扇(或扇三角洲)环境下的杂色粗碎屑岩组合。二段为一套凹陷中心灰色、黑色湖沼环境下的泥岩夹褐煤层,凹陷边缘为杂色扇三角洲粗碎屑岩,总体以黑色岩系组合为特征。三段为一套灰色、深灰色含砾粗砂岩、砂岩,侧向联通性较好的灰色岩系组合,形成于辫状河环境。四段为一套红色、黄色泥岩与砂岩互层的红色岩系或组合,沉积于曲流河环境。二连盆地马尼特坳陷中砂岩型铀矿形成于三段中,为侧向氧化成矿作用所致;而乌兰察布坳陷铀矿化定位于四段中,为垂向潜水氧化成矿作用所造成,一段和二段目前还没有找到有价值的铀矿化。     

鄂尔多斯盆地纳岭沟铀矿床绿泥石特征及地质意义

纳岭沟铀矿床位于鄂尔多斯盆地北部,具有明显的后期热液作用的特征,矿体空间展布主要受控于绿色-灰色砂岩的过渡界面,与绿泥石化的蚀变砂岩关系密切。通过对纳岭沟铀矿床不同颜色砂岩中的绿泥石进行详细的岩相学研究和电子探针化学成分分析,依据绿泥石的成因与共生矿物的关系,识别出绿泥石主要的3种类型:填隙物型绿泥石,片状与黄铁矿共生型绿泥石以及黑云母蚀变型绿泥石;同时通过绿泥石的Fe-Si图解确定了纳岭沟铀矿床不同颜色砂岩中的绿泥石主要为铁镁绿泥石和密绿泥石。根据Al/(Fe+Mg+Al)-Mg/(Fe+Mg)的关系图解确定出不同颜色砂岩中的绿泥石具有铁镁质流体和泥质两种来源,通过绿泥石中主要阳离子与镁的关系图解和计算得出的绿泥石形成温度共同确定出绿泥石是多期次的中低温热液流体作用的产物。综合研究表明,纳岭沟铀矿床的绿泥石形成至少经历了温度稍高的还原性流体和温度稍低的氧化性流体等两个期次的流体作用,稍高温的还原性流体与成矿关系更为重要。与绿泥石形成有关的热液流体作用不仅带入了部分铀,还促进了铀的活化和运移。