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201.
黄土高原尤其是黄土丘陵沟壑区土壤侵蚀异常严重,在该区开展单元流域产沙模拟对于流域侵蚀产沙及沟道系统泥沙输移比研究有着重要的意义。本文选取陕北岔巴沟单元流域团山沟为研究对象,利用1961-1969年间水文泥沙资料,构建了流域产沙模型:以流域输沙关系表达式Ms=CsH为理论框架,经分析发现洪峰流量、最大含沙量、平均流量与次洪含沙量相关性显著,近而以洪峰流量、平均流量、最大含沙量及径流深为模型变量,通过模拟误差分析,构建并选取了以径流深和洪峰流量、径流深和最大含沙量为变量的经验模型:Ms=H(109.2ln(Qz)+546.1);Ms=H(Cz-141.2)。与目前已有模型相比,以上模型具有很好的模拟效果,尤其是在模拟小产沙事件时模拟效果较好,模型在临近流域水旺沟上的应用效果也较好。另据研究发现,高含沙水流的存在,使得在不同产沙模数水平下产沙模拟响应机制不同,对产沙模数小于300 t/km2次暴雨事件,流量的对数函数拟合效果明显优于幂函数拟合;对产沙模数大于1000 t/km2次暴雨事件,流量的幂函数拟合效果好于对数函数拟合,但差异不大。 相似文献
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2008年8月30日和静M_S5.6地震序列及震前部分测震学异常分析 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
简要介绍了2008年8月30日新疆和静MS5.6地震的基本参数、震源机制解、地震序列特征和局部构造应力场等,分析了地震前震源区周围及相关构造区域出现的中、短期地震活动异常特征。结果显示,该序列为主-余型,余震活动呈间歇式,衰减迅速,震源断错性质为走滑型。震前震源区东侧存在长时间4级地震平静、3级地震围空及多台地震波振幅比的异常等现象,同时在地震发生前1~3个月出现了短期异常,表现为振幅比异常的回返、空区瓦解和地震窗的异常。依据多种异常变化,在震前对该地震做出了三要素准确的短期预报。 相似文献
204.
面向对象的极高海拔区水体及冰川信息提取——以珠穆朗玛峰国家级自然保护区核心区为例 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
极高海拔地区多为河流发源、冰川发育地,由于地形起伏强烈,且野外考察验证工作困难,传统的遥感信息提取方法很难保证该地区水体及冰川的提取精度。本文基于ASTER影像,运用面向对象的图像信息自动分析方法,对珠穆朗玛峰国家级自然保护区核心区的水体及冰川信息进行了提取研究。为保证信息提取的准确度,将数字高程模型(DEM)及其衍生数据(坡度、坡向),归一化植被指数(NDVI)数据,及有助于区分水体、冰川与其他地物的相关指数(冰雪指数NDSII)及波段运算结果(b1-b3)、(b3/b4)等,分别作为一个波段叠加到原始图像中,使之成为对目标地物光谱特征的有益补充。并对不同类型的水体及冰川进行多级、多尺度分割,以满足其对分割尺度的不同要求。分割完成后,综合考虑目标地物的光谱特征、纹理特征、空间结构特征,根据各特征指数的直方图信息,设定合适的阈值,建立了各水体及冰川类型信息提取的知识规则,并结合实地调查对信息提取的精度进行验证,改进了ASTER遥感影像自动快速提取极高海拔区水体及冰川信息的实用模型。 相似文献
205.
在平硐洞壁声波测量、全硐段结构面精测工作的基础上,以国标为基本依据,对水电工程岩体风化带定量划分进行了研究,除规范规定的波速比指标外,提出了其它两种定量指标:单元面积节理数和锈染裂隙占有率,并结合某电站坝址区岩体地质环境和风化的总体特征,制定了指标利用原则及划分标准,最后对该水电站坝址区一条剖面上各平硐风化带进行了综合划分。 相似文献
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为了研究全风化-强风化地区岩石嵌固基础抗拔性能及土体破坏模式,基于安徽省太湖县岩石嵌固基础抗拔性能现场试验,结合数值模拟对不同埋深、不同型式的岩石嵌固基础的抗拔性能进行分析。发现在基础埋深较浅时,坛子型和掏挖型基础抗拔性能及土体破坏模式大体相近;当基础埋深较深时,掏挖型基础抗拔性能明显优于坛子型。同时,对两种基础型式的经济效益进行比较分析,研究结果表明:掏挖型嵌固基础抗拔性能更优,同时具有更好的经济性和环保性,推荐在风化性较强的岩石地基输电线路工程中推广应用。 相似文献
209.
PRE-ASSESSMENT OF EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED LOSSES BASED ON FIELD SURVEY AND KILOMETER GRID DATASET: A CASE STUDY FROM DEHONG DAI-JINGPO AUTONOMOUS PREFECTURE 下载免费PDF全文
The pre-assessment of earthquake damage based on field surveys and grid dataset in 1km resolution is very helpful for emergency preparedness and mitigation of earthquake disaster losses.In this paper,we briefly introduced the contents,principles,methods and the results of software assessment as well as the revised results after field surveys.In addition,the emergency supplies and manpower requirements after the outbreak of earthquake are discussed.The assessment contents include the earthquake affected area and population,the amount of casualties,injuries,economic losses,and the number of population to be resettled.Scenario earthquake is set with an interval of 50 kilometers along the major faults and the losses induced by earthquake are outputted by the software.After that,the software outputs are revised based on field surveys.In addition,according to the earthquake cases happening between 2008 and 2015,the growth curve model used to estimate the demand of rescue supplies and teams is also proposed in this study.Based on this model and the software named earthquake emergency disaster rapid assessment and dynamic visualized software (NIE Gao-zhong,2014),and with the help of the statistical data such as population density and socio-economic situations,earthquake losses are pre-assessed by taking Dehong Dai-Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture as an example.The comparison shows that the actual losses are nearly the same as the software outputs.However,due to the ignorance of the casualties caused by geological disasters,the revised casualties are more than the software output.Not only the study area discussed in this paper,the earthquake loss assessment method can also be used to other regions in China. 相似文献
210.
DEVELOPMENT OF EARTHQUAKE EMERGENCY DISASTER INFORMATION PRE-EVALUATION DATA BASED ON KM GRID 下载免费PDF全文
After an earthquake, earthquake emergency response and rescue is one of the effective ways to reduce casualties from the earthquake. Earthquake emergency disaster information is one of crucial factors to effectively guide the rescue work. However, there is a "black box effect" on the emergency disaster information acquisition after an earthquake, which means real-time earthquake disaster information is insufficient. Hazard estimates are usually used as a substitute for the real-time disaster information in the "black box" period. However, it is subject to the accuracy and speed of the estimation.
The development of the km grid technology provides good prospect to solve this problem. The paper suggests to develop earthquake disaster information pre-estimation data with the support of the km grid technology. The definition and source of the pre-estimation data are introduced and its possibility in improving the estimation speed and accuracy are analyzed theoretically.
Then, we elaborate the calculation model of the pre-estimation data. The framework of the model includes disaster-bearing body data, disaster-causing factors used in calculation and calculation formula. The disaster-bearing body data in km grid format are introduced, including population data in km grid format and building data in km grid format. Then the four elements of the earthquake(earthquake occurrence time, earthquake location, earthquake magnitude and focal depth)are selected as disaster-causing factors for calculation. Map algebra method is used to realize the calculation model in which calculation parameters are associated with base map in the km grid format. So the pre-estimation data are developed by python and ArcGIS, which includes building damage dataset(100 layers), death toll dataset(10 layers)and direct economic loss dataset(5 layers).
Finally, the pre-estimation data based method for earthquake emergency disaster information estimation is presented. With the support of this method, two real earthquake cases are used to validate the effect of the pre-estimation data. The validation results show the pre-estimation data can not only significantly improve the speed of the estimation but also greatly improve the accuracy of the estimation. Another good result is found in the validation process that with the support of the pre-estimation data, the estimated result can display the spatial distribution of the disaster information, which will effectively aid earthquake emergency response and rescues. 相似文献