来自大别山深成侵入岩图像深度迁移学习的可解释性研究

岩石图像识别是以深度学习为代表的感知智能在地质领域的典型应用场景。已有研究显示网络结构简单的深度卷积神经网络能够在岩石图像上取得比复杂网络结构高的分类准确率。这与ImageNet数据集上网络结构越深越好的趋势相悖。如何解释这一现象？深成侵入岩为显晶质,自形—半自形粒状结构,块状构造,其分类的依据是其矿物成分及相对含量。大别山地区岩浆活动广泛,中生代深成侵入岩广泛出露。岩石类型包括超镁铁质岩类、辉长岩类、闪长岩类、正长岩类、二长岩类和花岗岩类,基本覆盖IUGS推荐的深成侵入岩分类方案中的岩石类型。选取大别山地区中生代深成岩图像开展不同网络结构预训练模型迁移学习对比试验,能够专注于深度学习对矿物成分特征的学习解释,降低构造因素的影响。借助局部可理解的模型解释技术和特征图可视化技术,分别从全连接层分类决策区域可视化和卷积隐层可视化两方面对深度学习模型开展可解释性研究。结果表明简单网络结构的卷积神经网络能够提取不同矿物所表现出的颜色特征以及不同矿物组合所表现出的纹理特征。AlexNet模型的削减试验进一步证明：对于岩石图像深度学习,网络结构并不总是越深越好。     

云南曲靖地区筇竹寺组泥页岩储层发育特征与影响因素

以云南曲靖地区筇竹寺组泥页岩为例,利用氩离子抛光-场发射扫描电镜、高压压汞、常规扫描电镜等实验技术手段,探究泥页岩储层微观储集空间的发育类型与特征。结果表明：筇竹寺组泥页岩储层孔隙成因复杂,类型多样,主要发育的微观储集空间类型包括有机质孔隙、粘土矿物孔隙、颗粒矿物孔隙、微裂隙等,以有机质孔隙最为发育,提供了主要的储集空间;孔隙度介于1.59%~11.33%之间,平均值达到了5.0%,小孔、微孔所占储集空间比例约56.5%,中孔和超大孔所占比例为34.0%,大孔相对较少。控制筇竹寺组页岩孔隙发育的因素主要有TOC、矿物组分和成岩作用,TOC是影响筇竹寺组页岩储层孔隙发育的主控因素,也是提供页岩气主要储存空间的重要物质。     

祁连山地区花岗质岩浆作用及构造演化

祁连山在构造上是一条经历了多期构造旋回叠加的早古生代复合型造山带,花岗质岩浆作用研究对揭示其构造演化具有重要意义。锆石U-Pb年代学统计结果表明,祁连地区花岗质岩浆活动可以分为7个大的阶段,包括古元古代早期(2 470~2 348 Ma)、古元古代晚期(1 778~1 763 Ma)、中元古代晚期-新元古代早期(1 192~888 Ma)、新元古代中期(853~736 Ma)、中寒武世-志留纪(516~419 Ma),泥盆纪-早石炭世(418~350 Ma)以及中二叠世-晚三叠世(271~211 Ma)。其中古元古代早期发育强过铝质高钾钙碱性S型和准铝质低钾拉斑-高钾钙碱性I型花岗岩,记录了早期的陆壳增生及改造事件。古元古代晚期为准铝质-弱过铝质高钾钙碱性-钾玄质A型花岗岩,是Columbia超大陆裂解事件的产物。中元古代晚期-新元古代早期以过铝质-强过铝质钙碱性-钾玄质S型花岗岩为主,新元古代中期以准铝质-强过铝质钙碱性-高钾钙碱性A型花岗岩为主,分别对应Rodinia超大陆的汇聚和裂解事件。中寒武世-志留纪花岗岩是洋陆转换过程中的产物,约440 Ma加厚基性下地壳部分熔融形成的低Mg埃达克岩的广泛出现指示祁连地区全面进入碰撞造山阶段。泥盆纪-早石炭世花岗岩代表后碰撞伸展阶段岩浆岩组合,发育准铝质-强过铝质低钾拉斑-钾玄质等一系列花岗岩。中二叠世-晚三叠世花岗岩以准铝质-弱过铝质钙碱性-高钾钙碱性I型花岗岩为主,有少量弱过铝质高钾钙碱性A型花岗岩,是宗务隆洋俯冲消减以及碰撞后伸展过程的产物。     

An analytical model for evaluating the dynamic response of a tunnel embedded in layered foundation soil with different saturations

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration - This paper proposes an analytical model for evaluating the dynamic response of an underground railway tunnel in layered foundation soil with...     

Numerical simulation of the Qulong Paleolandslide Dam event in the late pleistocene using the finite volume type shallow water model

Natural Hazards - The Qulong paleolandslide dam event lies in the Benzilan-Batang zone of the upper Jinsha River. The Jinsha River is one of the most extensive water resources in southwest China....     

湘东北仁里矿区西侧X荧光异常特征及找矿意义

湖南湘东北幕阜山地区新发现了仁里超大型钽铌矿床,为寻找伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床提供了新的研究思路。研究表明湘东北地区是铌—钽—锂—铍稀有金属矿重要的成矿区域,项目在仁里矿区西侧找矿勘查区开展了遥感—地球物理—化探—X荧光—地气分析综合探测研究工作,以建立南方高植被覆盖区伟晶岩型稀有金属找矿高效、快速勘查技术方法体系。本次研究利用X荧光勘查技术,对工作区布设的3条共长3000 m的测线,共153个测点的土壤样品进行了分析,每个测点获得了Nb、Ta、Rb等重要成矿元素的含量。通过矿致X荧光异常特征的分析,确定了工作区内异常的性质,与已获得的勘查成果比较,符合程度较好,并且在一条测线上推测可能存在未探明的含铌钽矿伟晶岩脉,为后续的勘探工作提供线索。同时也表明了X荧光勘查方法具有良好的找矿效果,可以为找矿提供参考和指示作用     

黔东南地区新元古代下江群的地层年代及其地质意义

黔东南地区下江群是分布在江南造山带西段的一套前寒武纪浅变质陆源碎屑岩夹火山碎屑岩组合, 其地层时代归属与划分特别是区域地层对比一直未能得到很好解决.在对该区前寒武纪地层广泛而详细的剖面测制和地质调查基础上, 运用LA-ICP-MS技术, 对地层中沉凝灰岩、含凝灰质碎屑岩和碎屑岩进行锆石U-Pb年代学测试, 获得一批高精度的年龄.四堡群河村组顶部的碎屑岩和下江群乌叶组第1段顶部的含凝灰质碎屑岩、清水江组底部与中部的沉凝灰岩、平略组中上部的含凝灰质碎屑岩、隆里组中下部的碎屑岩等样品中锆石U-Pb最小年龄组的加权平均年龄分别为819.8±6.4Ma和779.5±4.7Ma、764.0±6.3Ma与(756.8±7.6Ma、756.0±13.0Ma)、733.9±8.8Ma及725.0±10.0Ma.这些数据将四堡群和下江群的时代限制为新元古代.结合研究区隆里组与长安组整合接触关系和全球低纬度南华系冰期起始年龄(717.4Ma)的地质事实, 将下江群沉积时限约束在815~717Ma之间.根据区域岩浆事件进一步约束了下江群各组段的地层时限, 并开展江南造山带下江群及其相当层位的地层划分与对比, 认为新元古代岩浆作用制约着黔东南下江群盆地的演化.      

Formation and Evolution of a Paleosol across the Lower Silurian-Lower Permian Boundary in Zunyi District, Northern Guizhou, China and Its Paleoenvironment and Paleoclimate Implications

This paper presents a set of bulk geochemical and mineralogical data from a paleoweathering profile located in Zunyi District, Northern Guizhou, China. It was formed at the top of the Hanjiadian Formation of the Lower Silurian. A truncated, argillic, gleyed, kryptic paleospodosol is recognized in the paleoweathering profile. Ratios of immobile elements (Ti/Zr, Ti/Al) and their binary (e.g., Nb vs. Zr/TiO2 and Th/Sc vs. Zr/Sc), triangular diagrams (La-Th-Sc, Th-Sc-Zr/10, Zr-Cr-Ga) reflect that the Gaojiayan paleosol is the product of in-situ weathering of gray-green silty mudstone of the underlying Hanjiadian Formation. Mass balance calculations indicate K enrichment and Na enrichment in the upper and lower portions of paleosol, respectively. These findings both are the results of transgression, which brings substantial concentrations of such elements as K, Na, and Sr. In particular, K enrichment is achieved by the illitization of kaolinite. The biological processes of terrestrial vascular plants also enhance K concentration, especially at the top of the paleosol. Na enrichment is a consequence of albitization and/or adsorption by clay minerals through cation exchange. The mass distributions and relative mass changes of rare earth elements (REEs) in the studied profile display characteristics of vertical zonation. Three peaks in total REEs content are observed, indicating two paleoclimatic or paleoenvironmental changes. Mineralogical characteristics indicate that the paleoclimate changed first from warm and humid to cold and dry and later, to dry and lightly warmer. The corresponding soil environment varies from weakly acidic to strongly alkaline and later, to weakly acidic. Mass translocation characteristics of REEs and several transition metals suggest that the Gaojiayan paleosol may have undergone top erosion.     

隐形碳关税:概念辨析与国际治理

碳关税是各国高度关注的贸易问题,因涉及各国经贸利益,南北国家在碳关税问题上分歧很大。任何有关碳关税的政策措施,都会引起发展中国家的强烈反对。因此,部分发达国家试图另辟蹊径,在国际贸易中通过增加生产标准、碳标签等技术要求,以比较隐蔽的方式实现执行碳关税的目的。文中将这些隐蔽的但能起到碳关税执行效果的政策措施归纳为隐形碳关税,并定义隐形碳关税是指那些虽然没有在边境环节征收碳关税,但与征收碳关税起到相同贸易壁垒作用的,对发展中国家出口产品和服务构成限制的政策和措施。隐形碳关税比较典型的表现形式包括生产标准、碳标签等措施。这些措施本身是政策中性的,并不构成隐形碳关税,但如果叠加了转移应对气候变化成本、限制发展中国家产业发展等目的,这些措施的性质便不再中性,而成为现实中的贸易壁垒。隐形碳关税的治理应该是国际气候治理进程的一个部分,《联合国气候变化框架公约》则应是隐形碳关税治理的主要国际平台。无论是在气候公约内还是气候公约外的治理机制,隐形碳关税的国际治理都应遵循气候公约的相关原则,尤其是共同但有区别责任原则,区别对待发达和发展中国家的责任和义务,充分发挥生产标准、碳标签等措施的积极环境效用,同时约束其不当使用,建立公平、互信、务实的国际合作模式,实现气候治理与经济发展的协同。     

Kuramoto Model of Nonlinear Coupled Oscillators as a Way for Understanding Phase Synchronization: Application to Solar and Geomagnetic Indices

We apply a Kuramoto model of nonlinear coupled oscillators to the simulation of slow variations of the phase difference between sunspot number [R _I ] and geomagnetic indices [aa and ζ]. The Kuramoto model is described for the particular case of two oscillators connected by symmetric coupling with quasi-stationary behavior, and its properties are investigated. By solving an inverse problem, we reconstruct the evolution of the couplings between pairs of indices [R _I and aa, R _I and ζ, aa and ζ], and interpret these in terms of the physics of the solar dynamo. The de-correlation between R _I and geomagnetic indices found in Solar Cycle 20 by Le Mouël et al. (J. Geophys. Res. 117, A09103, 2012) is successfully reproduced by the Kuramoto model and corresponds to the alternation of the leading oscillator. Application of the Kuramoto model to the cross-correlations [C(R _I ,ζ) and C(aa,ζ)] for ζ-indices computed in eight geomagnetic stations shows the latitudinal dependence of the mean phase difference. We discuss these results in terms of the solar-wind contribution to local geomagnetic indices [ζ].