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981.
982.
江苏沿海对虾亲虾入室期规律分析及其预报 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
根据多年的生产试验,分析总结了江苏沿海对虾适宜入室的气象指标的分布特征以及不同地区最早、最适、最迟入室指标出现时间之间的相关性,并以射阳县、南通市为代表建立起预报方程,为江苏沿海做好亲虾入室的气象服务工作提供了理论依据和新的途径。 相似文献
983.
984.
985.
北京市持续重污染天气分析 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
通过对2004-2008年北京市空气持续重污染过程的统计及其对非沙尘型持续重污染天气形势的特征分析,得到以下结论:持续重污染过程具有明显的季节分布特征,主要包括春季沙尘型污染和秋冬季节非沙尘型污染;非沙尘型持续重污染过程期间多对应着大雾、轻雾、霾、烟等低能见度天气,过程后期对应的天气现象多为大风或降水天气。其中大雾天气更易引发长时间持续的空气重污染事件。非沙尘型持续重污染的天气形势特点为:高空多为纬向环流,850 hPa多为暖脊控制,地面多处于弱气压场,鞍形场型污染尤为严重。北京持续重污染多对应区域性污染。 相似文献
986.
Meng-Dawn Cheng 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2018,75(1):1-16
Although a large volume of monitoring and computer simulation data exist for global coverage of HF, study of HF in the troposphere is still limited to industry whose primary interest is the safety and risk assessment of HF release because it is a toxic gas. There is very limited information on atmospheric chemistry, emission sources, and the behavior of HF in the environment. We provide a comprehensive review on the atmospheric chemistry of HF, modeling the reactions and transport of HF in the atmosphere, the removal processes in the vertical layer immediately adjacent to the surface (up to approximately 500 m) and recommend research needed to improve our understanding of atmospheric chemistry of HF in the troposphere. The atmospheric chemistry, emissions, and surface boundary layer transport of hydrogen fluoride (HF) are summarized. Although HF is known to be chemically reactive and highly soluble, both factors affect transport and removal in the atmosphere, the chemistry can be ignored when the HF concentration is at a sufficiently low level (e.g., 10 ppmv). At a low concentration, the capability for HF to react in the atmosphere is diminished and therefore the species can be mathematically treated as inert during the transport. At a sufficiently high concentration of HF (e.g., kg/s release rate and thousands of ppm), however, HF can go through a series of rigorous chemical reactions including polymerization, depolymerization, and reaction with water to form molecular complex. As such, the HF species cannot be considered as inert because the reactions could intimately influence the plume’s thermodynamic properties affecting the changes in plume temperature and density. The atmospheric residence time of HF was found to be less than four (4) days, and deposition (i.e., atmosphere to surface transport) is the dominant mechanism that controls the removal of HF and its oligomers from the atmosphere. The literature data on HF dry deposition velocity was relatively high compared to many commonly found atmospheric species such as ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, etc. The global average of wet deposition velocity of HF was found to be zero based on one literature source. Uptake of HF by rain drops is limited by the acidity of the rain drops, and atmospheric particulate matter contributes negligibly to HF uptake. Finally, given that the reactivity of HF at a high release rate and elevated mole concentration cannot be ignored, it is important to incorporate the reaction chemistry in the near-field dispersion close to the proximity of the release source, and to incorporate the deposition mechanism in the far-field dispersion away from the release source. In other words, a hybrid computational scheme may be needed to address transport and atmospheric chemistry of HF in a range of applications. The model uncertainty will be limited by the precision of boundary layer parameterization and ability to accurately model the atmospheric turbulence. 相似文献
987.
利用长江上游259个气象站逐日降水资料,采用线性趋势分析方法,分析了近1961—2012年来长江上游流域秋季连阴雨的时空变化特征。结果表明,长江上游流域秋季连阴雨过程平均出现1.54次/a,其中9月出现次数最多,10月次之,11月出现较少。秋季连阴雨日数、累积降水量分别以2.3 d/(10 a)、13.7 mm/(10 a)的速率显著减少,连阴雨开始和结束日期平均为9月9日和9月30日均表现出推迟趋势。进入21世纪后,5—9 d、10 d以上连阴雨过程的次数、80.0 mm以上连阴雨过程的次数均表现出减少趋势。金沙江下游和四川盆地东部为秋季连阴雨累计雨量及其变化速率的大值中心,四川盆地西南部为连阴雨日数及其变化速率的大值中心。9月的降水中心、雨日分布情况与秋季总体情况基本一致,10月降水中心、阴雨日数的中心出现了明显东撤,11月东撤更为明显。 相似文献
988.
This paper presents the results of a study of a watershed experiencing the pressures of land-use change resulting from urban development. The study was undertaken to facilitate an understanding of the water balance of the watershed by developing and implementing watershed procedures that are to be addressed in a watershed plan. There were three components to the research: firstly, observation of the effects of spatially distributed rainfall measurements and their effect on modelling were assessed. Secondly, the model was then calibrated by observing how differing techniques can discretize both the landscape (e.g. land-use and soil type) and incoming precipitation. Finally, a modelling methodology was developed to integrate a Geographic Information System and a hydrologic model (e.g. Storm Water Management Model) in a water balance analysis on a watershed basis. Results show that, under certain conditions, kriging spatially distributed rainfall values can help predict rainfall at ungauged (virtual) sites. Discretization of a watershed was found to affect the differences between measured and generated runoff volumes; however, this can be refined with calibration. It was seen that a strong correlation between measured and predicted rainfall values did not always guarantee a strong relationship between measured and generated runoff Recommendations include the use of a longer time series of rainfall, streamflow and predicted rainfall to observe temporal variations, and the need to assess the differences in modelled rainfall values generated by various surface interpolation methods (e.g. Inverse Distance Weighting and other kriging options) currently available in GIS packages. 相似文献
989.
To assess the potential impact of climate changes on pasture production in the North Island, New Zealand, eight climate scenarios
of increased temperature and increased (or decreased) rainfall were investigated by integrating a polynomial regression model
for pasture production with a Geographic Information System (GIS). The results indicated that the climate change scenarios
assuming an increase in temperature by 1–2°C and a rainfall change by −20 to +20% would have a very significant impact on
pasture production with a predicted pasture production variation from −46.2 to +51.9% compared with the normal climate from
1961–1990. Increased temperature would generally have a positive effect on pasture production in the south and southeast of
the North Island, and increased rainfall would have a positive effect in the central, south and southeast of the North Island
and a negative effect in the north of the North Island. The interaction of decreased rainfall and increased temperature would
have a negative impact for the whole North Island except some central areas with high rainfall. Relevant management practices
for coping with potential climate change are discussed. 相似文献
990.
利用常规天气资料和数值预报产品,应用天气分析和诊断分析方法,对2010年4月13日运城市出现的近40年最严重的强霜冻天气过程进行分析,并与历史个例进行比较,结果表明,此次过程是在前期升温明显的基础上,有强冷空气在西伯利亚及贝加尔湖堆积并向南侵袭造成的;此次过程亚洲中高纬环流表现为“一脊一槽”型,动力机制为横槽转竖促使冷空气向南爆发;冷空气爆发后,本地上空由强盛的冷平流控制,地面冷高压进入关键区并达到寒潮强度。由于每次强降温发生的环流背景、影响系统及冷空气的强度、发展、移动路径不同,所以造成的降温幅度和影响也不同。在此基础上,总结出强霜冻预报的着眼点。 相似文献