Soil erosion and pollutant transport during rainfall-runoff processes

The pollutant from land surface applied to agricultural chemicals is one of the major sources of contamination in water bodies. The pollutant transport within a watershed is profoundly influenced by the rainfall-runoff processes, especially the associated upland erosion and sediment transport processes because most of pollutant can be dissolved into water or attached to the soil particles. A set of soil experiments in laboratory was conducted in this paper to investigate the impacts of upland erosion and sediment transport on pollutant loads. The soil utilized for the experiments was the silty sand collected from Loess Plateau, China; and ammonium bicarbonate was applied on the soil surface as the pollutant source. Runoff discharge, soil loss, and ammonia- and nitrate-nitrogen concentrations were measured to establish the relationships which can help the numerical model to predict the pollutant losses coupled with upland soil erosion during the rain-fall-runoff processes. The experimental results indicate the ammonia-nitrogen concentration in runoff reaches the peak at the initial stage of the overland flow generation, and quickly decreases and approaches to the steady state. The ammonia-nitrogen transported by the soil loss also makes contributions to the nitrogen loss; and its amount mainly depends on the soil transport rate. The ammonia-nitrogen dissolved in overland flow is dominant due to the strong aqueous solution of ammonium bicarbonate during the first storm right after its application.     

Bedload hysteresis in a glacier‐fed mountain river

Sediment transport during flood events often reveals hysteretic patterns because flow discharge can peak before (counterclockwise hysteresis) or after (clockwise hysteresis) the peak of bedload. Hysteresis in sediment transport has been used in the literature to infer the degree of sediment availability. Counterclockwise and clockwise hysteresis have been in fact interpreted as limited and unlimited sediment supply conditions, respectively. Hysteresis has been mainly explored for the case of suspended sediment transport, but it was rarely reported for bedload transport in mountain streams. This work focuses on the temporal variability of bedload transport in an alpine catchment (Saldur basin, 18.6 km², Italian Alps) where bedload transport was monitored by means of an acoustic pipe sensor which detects the acoustic vibrations induced by particles hitting a 0.5m‐long steel pipe. Runoff dynamics are dominated by snowmelt in late spring/early summer, mostly by glacier melt in late summer/early autumn, and by a combination of the snow and glacier melt in mid‐summer. The results indicate that hysteretic patterns during daily discharge fluctuations are predominantly clockwise during the snowmelt period, likely due to the ready availability of unpacked sediments within the channel or through bank erosion in the lower part of the basin. On the contrary, counterclockwise hysteresis tend to be more frequent during late glacier melting period, possibly due to the time lag needed for sediment provided by the glacial and peri‐glacial area to be transported to the monitoring section. However, intense rainfall events occurring during the glacier melt period generated predominantly clockwise hysteresis, thus indicating the activation of different sediment sources. These results indicate that runoff generation processes play a crucial role on sediment supply and temporal availability in mountain streams. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A flume experiment on wood storage and remobilization in braided river systems

This work investigates wood dynamics in braided streams through physical modelling in a mobile bed laboratory flume, with the specific objective to characterize wood storage and turnover as a function of wood input rate and of wood element type. Three parallel channels (1.7 m wide, 10 m long) filled with uniform sand were used to reproduce braided networks with constant water discharge and sediment feeding. Wood dowels with and without simplified root wads were regularly added at the upstream end of each flume at different input rates, with a 1:2:3 ratio between the three flumes. Temporal evolution of wood deposition patterns and remobilization rates were monitored by a series of vertical images that permitted the recognition of individual logs. Results show that wood tends to disperse in generally small accumulations (< 5 logs), with higher spatial density on top of sediment bars, and is frequently remobilized due to the intense morphological changes. The amount of wood stored in the channel depends on log input rate through a non‐linear relationship, and input rates exceeding approximately 100 logs/hour determine a sharp change in wood dynamics, with higher storage volume and augmented formation of large jams (> 10 elements) that are less prone to remobilization. Presence of root wads seems to play a minor role in wood deposition, but it reduces the average travel distance of logs. Turnover rates of logs were similar in the three flumes, independently of wood input rate and largely resembling the turnover rate of exposed bars. For the simulated conditions, significant effects of wood on bed morphology were not observed, suggesting that interactions with fine sediments and living vegetation are crucial to form large, stable wood jams able to bring about relevant morphological changes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

广西震后趋势快速研判系统及其应用

介绍了广西震后趋势快速研判系统及其应用效果。系统基于ArcGIS地理信息平台,集成了丰富的地震背景基础数据。地震发生后,该系统随即根据类型库进行模式识别和系统分析,5 min内即给出震后趋势的初步研判结果,并自动生成会商纪要、应急指挥图件和震情汇报材料,及时为领导决策提供科学依据。目前该系统已在广西地震应急与地震现场工作中发挥了重要的支撑作用。     

Loss of optical and molecular indicators of terrigenous dissolved organic matter during long-term photobleaching

Two water samples from the Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge with high dissolved organic matter (DOM) concentrations (51 and 121 mg C L^?1) were subjected to ultraviolet (UV) light for up to 110 days. During the course of the irradiations, 74–88 % of the original dissolved organic carbon was lost along with 95–99 % of the absorption at 300 nm. Based on changes observed during light exposure, three pools of DOM were identified: photo-labile, photo-refractory, and photo-produced compounds. Solid-state ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to determine structural moieties characteristic to each of these pools. These analyses showed aromatic carbons were preferentially removed while carbohydrate-like and amide/peptide-like carbons were preserved during UV exposure. An increase in carbon normalized ¹³C NMR signal in the 0–50 ppm region suggests that alkyl moieties were produced, while FTIR signal at 1,745 cm^?1 and two-dimensional ¹H–¹³C NMR results confirmed the photochemical production of acetate. Several properties typically used to trace terrigenous DOM in ocean margin and marine environments were significantly altered. Optical properties, including absorption spectral slopes and fluorescence indices, as well as carbon-normalized lignin yields shifted from terrestrial values towards those more typical of coastal or open ocean samples. The loss of terrestrial signatures during irradiation highlights the difficulty faced when quantifying the contribution of terrigenous DOM to aquatic carbon pools.     

Characteristics and sedimentary processes of lamina-controlled sand-particle imbricate structure in deposits on Lingshan Island,Qingdao, China

Imbricate structure is a common sedimentary structure and is well developed in sandy sediments.Here,we report a laminacontrolled fine-sand-particle imbricate structure in a set of very fine grained sedimentary rocks(fine sandstone,siltstone,and mudstone)at the Dockyard and Qianceng Cliff areas of Lingshan Island,Qingdao,Shandong,China.Sets of up to 300 laminae are found in stratigraphic profiles in these areas.The laminae are generally less than 1 mm thick,with most being 0.3–0.4 mm thick and the thinnest being0.1 mm.The dip angle of the imbricate structure varies widely,between 0°and 90°,with an average dip angle of about 40°–50°,which is higher than that of imbricate riverbed gravels(about 34°).The dip angle is a function of the shape and sorting of the particles,as well as the hydrodynamic conditions under which these fine-grained sediments were deposited.Several profiles show well-developed multiscale,soft-sediment deformation structures.Flute casts,load casts,and groove casts are also common.Fragments of carbon remains occur widely and commonly constitute stringers several millimeters thick and up to 10 cm long,together with fine clasts.Vitrain lenticles are also common.Based on the imbricate structure of the Lingshan Island deposits,it is shown that in addition to paleocurrent analysis,the imbricate structure can be used to infer information about fluid properties,transport characteristics,and sedimentary processes of the depositional environment.A near-bottom underflow,either of authigenic origin or derived from cold river water in winter in a delta interdistributary bay or delta-front environment,is inferred to have provided the hydrodynamic setting in which this imbricate structure formed.The imbricate structure,together with other sedimentary structures and features,shows that the sedimentary rocks on Lingshan Island were deposited in an inland,shallow-water environment,such as a delta,and not in a deep-water or submarine continental-slope environment.     

Comparative study of models for predicting permeability from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logs in two Chinese tight sandstone reservoirs

Based on the analysis of mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experimental data for core plugs, which were drilled from two Chinese tight sandstone reservoirs, permeability prediction models, such as the classical SDR, Timur-Coates, the Swanson parameter, the Capillary Parachor, the R10 and R35 models, are calibrated to estimating permeabilities from field NMR logs, and the applicabilities of these permeability prediction models are compared. The processing results of several field examples show that the SDR model is unavailable in tight sandstone reservoirs. The Timur-Coates model is effective once the optimal T _2cutoff can be acquired to accurately calculate FFI and BVI from field NMR logs. The Swanson parameter model and the Capillary Parachor model are not always available in tight sandstone reservoirs. The R35 based model cannot effectively work in tight sandstone reservoirs, while the R10 based model is optimal in permeability prediction.     

峡谷区重力坝岸坡坝段动力稳定性评估方法

从概率的观点出发,结合确定性矢量和安全系数方法,对设计基准期内随机地震条件下的重力坝岸坡坝段动力抗滑稳定性评估方法问题进行了初步探讨。首先,基于确定性动力时程分析法,得出坝段抗滑矢量和安全度时程曲线,评价一次确定性设计地震作用下的坝体稳定;然后,考虑基准期设计烈度下地震的随机性,进行坝体动力稳定的可靠度分析。通过Gram-Charlier级数拟合法和随机加权最大熵法,得到坝体动力稳定安全度时变曲线中最小值的概率分布函数及其动力可靠度;最后,结合确定性和概率性分析结果,综合评价设计基准期内地震作用下的坝体抗滑稳定性。工程实例分析结果表明,采用确定性与概率性结合的互补方法,能够进一步认识动力稳定分析中安全裕度的合理性评价问题,进而更加合理地评估整个设计基准期内重力坝的动力抗滑稳定性。     

降水波动对荒漠草原生产力的影响

在干旱、半干旱荒漠草原区,降水量波动对植被生产力有显著影响.这种影响表现在两个层次上,一是降水量年际间波动,二是年内降水分布格局.对阴山北麓内蒙古乌拉特后旗荒漠草原多年气象资料和植被生产力的分析发现:从1971-2011年降水量的年际波动特点来看,荒漠草原区最高降水年的降水量是最小降水年的3.76倍.从气象、实际和矢量年降水量3种统计表达方式与生产力的关系来看,反映年际降水波动和年内分布特点的矢量降水与植被生产力的关系最密切(R=0.9200,R_0.001=0.8010),回归方程F检验达到极显著.由于研究区植被组成以小半灌木和多年生草本为主,且年降水量大部分集中在5-8月,生长期内月降水量的累积效应明显,其中6-8月累计降水对植被生产力的影响最显著.     

氮素及水分添加对科尔沁沙地4种优势植物地上生物量分配的影响

氮素和水分是半干旱沙地生态系统植物生长主要的影响因素,氮沉降和降水量与降水格局的变化可能会对植物生长产生深刻影响,进而影响沙地生态系统功能。本文通过科尔沁沙地草地连续2年增加水分（夏季增雨,冬季增雪）、添加氮素和同时添加氮素和水分的田间试验,分析了不同处理对4种优势草本植物种（尖头叶藜Chenopodium acuminatum 、白草Pennisetum centrasiaticum 、糙隐子草Cleistogenes squarrosa 和狗尾草Setaria viridi ）地上生物量积累和分配的影响。结果表明：单纯添加氮素或水分对当地4种优势植物平均地上总生物量、各构件平均生物量及繁殖体和茎平均生物量分配无显著影响。夏季增雨×氮素添加使4种植物平均地上总生物量及各构件平均生物量在2010年显著增加,冬季增雪×氮素添加使叶生物量分配在2010年显著增加;但是在2012年各处理对生物量的分配影响不显著。这说明夏季增雨×氮素添加能够解除氮素对水分的限制作用,使植物将所获得的有限资源供于叶片生物量的积累和分配。但是添加氮素与水分影响的生物量分配变化程度因物种而异,对尖头叶藜、白草、糙隐子草的影响不明显,对狗尾草的影响显著。