Involvement of cyclic electron flow in irradiance stress responding and its potential regulation of the mechanisms in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pyropia yezoensis</Emphasis>

Pyropia yezoensis, belongs to the genus of Porphyra before 2011, inhabit on intertidal zone rocks where irradiation changes dramatically, implying that the seaweed has gained certain mechanisms to survive a harsh environment. Based on the photosynthetic parameters with or without the inhibitors determined by a Dual-PAM-100 apparatus, we investigated the photosynthetic performance and the changes in electron flow that occurred during the algae were stressed with different light intensities previously. When the irradiation saturation was approaching, the CEF around PS I became crucial since the addition of inhibitors usually led to an increase in non-photochemical quenching. The inhibitor experiments showed that there were at least three different CEF pathways in Py. yezoensis and these pathways compensated each other. In addition to maintaining a proper ratio of ATP/NAD(P)H to support efficient photosynthesis, the potential roles of CEF might also include the regulation of different photoprotective mechanisms in Py. yezoensis. Under the regulation of CEF, chlororespiration is thought to transport electrons from the reduced plastoquinone (PQ) pool to oxygen in order to mitigate the reduction in the electron transfer chain. When irradiation was up to the high-grade stress conditions, the relative value of CEF began to decrease, which implied that the NADP⁺ pool or PQ⁺ pool was very small and that the electrons were transferred from reduced PS I to oxygen. The scavenging enzymes might be activated and the water-water cycle probably became an effective means of removing the active oxygen produced by the irradiation stressed Py. yezoensis. We believe that the different mechanisms could make up the photoprotective network to allow Py. yezoensis for survival in a highly variable light stress habitat, which may enlighten scientists in future studies on irradiance stress in other algae species.     

Development of efficiently coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical model to predict hydraulic fracture morphology in heavy oil reservoirs

The aim of the study involves examining the effect of heavy oil viscosity on fracture geometry in detail by establishing a heavy oil fracturing model and conventional fracturing model based on thermal–hydraulic–mechanical (THM) coupled theory, Walther viscosity model, and K–D–R temperature model. We consider viscosity and density within the heavy oil fracturing model as functions of pressure and temperature while that as constants within the conventional fracturing model. A heavy oil production well is set as an example to analyze the differences between the two models to account for the thermo-poro-elastic effect. The results show that temperature exhibits the most significant influence on the heavy oil viscosity while the influence of pressure is the least. In addition, a cooling area with a width of 0–1 m and varied length is generated near the fracture. The heavy oil viscosity increases sharply in this area, thereby indicating an area of viscosity increment. The heavy oil viscosity increases faster and is closer to wellbore, and a high viscosity increment reduces the mobility of the heavy oil and prevents the fracturing fluid from entering into the reservoir. The special viscosity distribution results in significant differences in pore pressure, oil saturation, and changing trends between these two models. In the heavy oil reservoir fracturing model, the thermal effect completely exceeds the influence of pore elasticity, and the values of the fracture length, width, and static pressure exceed those calculated in the conventional fracturing model. Thus, a comparison of the measured values indicates that the results obtained by considering viscosity as a function of temperature and pressure are more accurate. Therefore, the results of this study are expected to provide good guidelines for the design of heavy oil fracturing.     

Multi-temporal scale modeling on climatic-hydrological processes in data-scarce mountain basins of Northwest China

Previous studies showed that the climatic processes drive the streamflow of the inland river in Northwest China. However, it is difficult to quantitatively assess the climatic-hydrological processes in the ungauged mountainous basins because of the scarce data. This research developed an integrated approach for multi-temporal scale modeling the climatic-hydrological processes in data-scarce mountain basins of Northwest China by combining downscaling method (DM), backpropagation artificial neural network (BPANN), and wavelet regression (WR). To validate the approach, we also simulated the climatic-hydrological processes at different temporal scales in a typical data-scarce mountain basin, the Kaidu River Basin in Northwest China. The main results are as follows: (i) the streamflow is related with regional climatic change as well as atmosphere-ocean variability, (ii) the BPANN model well simulated the nonlinear relationship between the streamflow and temperature and precipitation at the monthly temporal scale, and (iii) although the annual runoff (AR) appears to have fluctuations, there are significant correlations among AR, annual average temperature (AAT), annual precipitation (AP), and oscillation indices, which can be simulated by equations of WR at different temporal scales of years.     

华夏陆块钠质高镁玄武岩地球化学特征及地质意义

赣州盆地位于钦杭(钦州—杭州)结合带南侧华夏陆块西部,由晚白垩世早期红色碎屑沉积岩系组成,其底部夹有一套玄武岩,全岩Si O_2含量为46.50%~48.13%,具有钠质高镁特征(Mg O=15.47%~18.24%,Mg~#=74~77,K_2O/Na_2O=0.22~0.39)。稀土元素配分型式表现出轻稀土富集右倾,没有明显的Eu异常的特点,表明岩浆没有明显的斜长石分离结晶作用;微量元素上富集大离子亲石元素,高场强元素特别是Ta、Nb、Ti亏损不明显,Cr、Ni的含量分别为235×10~(-6)~617×10~(-6)、157×10~(-6)~493×10~(-6),与原生岩浆的Cr、Ni含量接近,Ba/Nb值(13.51~23.18)和La/Nb值(0.82~1.03)表明源区有富集地幔组分;Sr—Nd—Pb—O同位素显示出源区性质具有EMⅡ型富集地幔特征。岩石学和地球化学特征表明,玄武岩具有原生岩浆性质,是富集地幔部分熔融的产物。同时为中生代华夏陆块EMⅡ型岩石圈地幔提供了准确的证据。由赣州盆地晚白垩世构造背景和构造环境判别图解可知,本区玄武岩形成于板内拉张环境,可能与古太平洋俯冲条件的转变有关。     

Paleo-environment and reservoir evolution of the Middle Ordovician Kelimoli Formation in the northern Tianhuan area,Ordos Basin,China: implications for high-quality reservoir development

The Middle Ordovician Kelimoli Formation carbonate reservoirs in the northern Tianhuan area, Ordos Basin, China are main exploration targets. Subsurface core samples, logging, drilling and production data from the area were used to characterise the carbonate reservoir and to construct a genetic model for exploration. The sedimentary facies identified include trough–continental rise, upper–lower slope, platform margin reef-shoal, open platform and evaporation-restricted platform. The slope and platform margin facies are potential zones for high-quality reservoirs. Porosity in the study area comprises intergrain, intercrystal, intragrain and intracrystal pores, fractures and vughs. The Sr/Ba (0.40–4.87) and V/(V + Ni) (0.64–0.97) ratios indicate deposition in a brackish water-dominated environment under reducing conditions, associated with sea-level fluctuations during the deposition of the Kelimoli Formation. The Sr/Ba, V/(V + Ni), ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios, δ¹⁸O values and crystal texture of dolomite samples suggest that meteoric water was involved in the diagenetic fluid in the near-surface depositional environment. Isotopes (δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O) and trace elements (Fe and Mn) allowed the identification of seepage-reflux and mixed-water dolomitisation. The crystal textures of the samples consist of micritic, bioclastic and reefal limestones, and dolomite with gypsum, which were easily dissolved during the early diagenetic stage. The epidiagenetic stage was the key period for the development of high-quality reservoirs because of large-scale bedding-parallel karstification from meteoric water. The reservoir zones, dominated by partially filled and unfilled vughs, and fractures, are favourable exploration targets in the northern Tianhuan area.     

斥水性土壤水分入渗试验和模型

为研究斥水性土壤水分入渗规律,并探寻适用于斥水性土壤水分入渗的数学模型,以妫水河流域亲水性和斥水性土壤为研究对象,开展室内一维垂直土柱入渗试验;分别采用Kostiakov分段函数、Fourier级数、一阶Gaussian函数以及Gaussian分段函数对斥水性土壤入渗率进行拟合。试验结果表明:亲水性土壤入渗率随时间呈单调减小变化趋势,斥水性土壤入渗一段时间后累积入渗量会出现翘尾现象,入渗率为先增大后减小的单峰曲线。模型图形分析表明: Kostiakov分段函数入渗率在拐点处同时存在一个极大值和极小值,Fourier级数存在多个波峰,一阶Gaussian函数不能反映入渗率在拐点后大于拐点前的试验现象,因而均难以真实反映斥水性水分入渗过程。忽略水分开始快速入渗过程,Gaussian分段函数模型不仅能够反映入渗率在拐点前的单调增以及拐点后的单调减过程,同时也能够体现入渗率在拐点后大于拐点前的试验现象。     

Progress in the Application of Ground Gravity Observation Data in Earthquake Prediction

The mechanism of earthquake inoculation and the process of earthquake occurrence are very complicated. Additionally, earthquakes do not happen very often, and we lack enough cognition to the earth’s interior structure, activity regularity and other key elements. As a result, research progress about the theory of earthquake precursors has been greatly restricted. Ground gravity observation has become one of the main ways to study earthquake precursor information in many countries and regions. This paper briefly summarized the surface gravity observation technology and observation network in China: the surface gravity measurement instrument developed from Huygens physical pendulum in seventeenth Century to today’s high-precision absolute gravimeter, and its accuracy reached to ±1×10^-8 m/s². China has successively established the National Gravity Network, Digital Earthquake Observation Network of China,the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China Ⅰ and the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China, to provide a public platform for monitoring non tidal gravity change, seismic gravity and tectonic movement. The use of specific examples illustrated the role of gravity observation data in earthquake prediction. The gravity observation data of ground gravity can be used to capture the information of gravity change in the process of strong earthquake inoculation, and to provide an important basis for the long-term prediction of strong earthquakes. The temporal and spatial variation characteristics of the regional gravity field and its relation to strong earthquakes were analyzed: Before the earthquake whose magnitude is higher than M_S 5, generally there will be a large amplitude and range of gravity anomaly zones. Strong earthquakes occur mainly in areas where the gravity field changes violently. The dynamic change images of gravity field can clearly reflect the precursory information of large earthquakes during the inoculation and occurrence. Finally, the existing problems of surface gravity technology in earthquake precursor observation were put forward and the use of gravity measurement data in earthquake prediction research was prospected.     

桂林毛村岩溶区与碎屑岩区檵木和马尾松凋落叶分解研究

为探究岩溶生态环境对凋落叶分解的影响,选用碎屑岩区相同树种作为对比,运用凋落物分解网袋法研究其凋落物分解初期动态,研究结果表明:（1）岩溶区檵木和马尾松凋落叶分解速率总体上均小于碎屑岩区相同树种凋落叶分解速率;（2）凋落叶分解速率k与凋落叶初始养分碳含量呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,与木质素含量呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）;（3）在凋落叶分解过程中,各养分释放规律具有一定的差异,凋落叶养分元素碳在分解过程中呈现出净释放;（4）岩溶区树种的碳释放速率比碎屑岩区慢,说明岩溶区两树种的凋落在一定程度上延长了C的循环周期      

Comparative analysis of significant wave height between a new Southern Ocean buoy and satellite altimeter

中国于2019年第35次南极考察中,首次在南大洋布放了锚系实时综合观测浮标(西风带海洋环境监测浮标,WEMB),为深入了解此海区的海洋环境变化提供了宝贵资料.国家海洋技术中心WEMB研究团队基于AVISO公开发布的多颗卫星高度计L3产品,通过数据配对,误差统计和最小二乘线性拟合等方法,对西风带海洋环境监测浮标的有效波高数据误差进行了分析与校正.校正后的浮标有效波高统计显示西风带常年处于大浪以上海况,观测期间内57％处于巨浪海况,并且伴随有高度相关的大风天气.