Lithium tracer-diffusion in an alkali-basaltic melt — An ion-microprobe determination

An ion-microprobe-based technique has been used to measure lithium tracer-diffusion coefficients (D_Li) in an alkali-basaltic melt at 1300, 1350 and 1400°C. The results can be expressed in the form:D_Li=7.5 ×10^?2exp(?27,600/RT)cm²S^?1The results show significantly faster diffusion rates than those previously recorded for other monovalent, divalent and trivalent cations in a tholeiitic melt. Consequently, diffusive transport of ions acting over a given time in a basaltic melt can produce a wider range of transport distance values than hitherto supposed. Hence, it is concluded that great care should be exercised when applying diffusion data to petrological problems.     

Chemical speciation of Cd,Cu, Pb,and Zn in mixed freshwater,seawater, and brine solutions

A theoretical model was developed to study the chemical speciation of the trace elements Zn, Cd, Cu and Pb aqueous solutions and their responses to variations in ionic strength and complexation. Two mixing solutions were investigated, a freshwater-seawater system and a freshwater-brine system. The brine was a calcium, sodium-chloride solution with a molal ionic strength of two. Trace element associations with the ligands OH^?, Cl^?, CO^2?₃, SO^2?₄, and HCO^?₃ were considered at pHs from 3.5 to 11.0 at 25°C. In general, the relative importance of the various ligand-trace element complexes can be predicted from a comparison of their stability constants. However, the effect of pH on the importance of a given complex is not readily apparent from the stability constants. Freshwater-seawater mixtures, as might be found in a totally mixed estuary, show that seawater composition is the dominant control on chemical complexing. Chloride complexing is similar for lead and zinc in the freshwater-brine mixtures. This similarity may account in part for the association of lead and zinc in strata-bound ore deposits.     

关于电离层反射电波频率变化的问题

一般认为高频无线电波经电离层反射后产生的多普勒频移效应可分为两部分:其中一部分只与反射面的状态有关,这部分称为微分效应;另外一部分与电波所经过的路径上介质的状态有关,这部分称为积分效应。本文分析高频无线电波在电离层中的反射过程,认为不存在微分效应,只存在积分效应,并用这结论分析了实验现象,讨论了用多普勒测量法研究电离层行进式扰动时存在的问题。     

Sediment penetration of Amoco Cadiz oil,potential for future release,and toxicity

Weathering states of oil ranging from sheen oil to mousse have significant effects during oil stranding on oil-water and oil-sediment interaction. Observations of oiled sandy beaches suggest two mechanisms of beach contamination—general penetration and contamination of beach substrate by films of sheen oil (probably partially emulsified), and secondly the burial of discrete layers of mousse. Depending on timing of oiling with respect to beach dynamics large amounts of stranded oil can be accommodated within beach sediments. These then become available for later long-term release.Acute lethal toxicity of stranded Amoco Cadiz oil is intermediate to Bunker C and Kuwait crude. Simulated weathering studies suggest that there may be some increase in toxicity with weathering.     

北斗系统GEO/IGSO/MEO卫星观测信息随机特性评估与分析

首先从参数估计、精度评定和质量控制角度论证了在精密定位中随机模型的重要性;然后基于短基线单差观测模型,采用严密的方差分量估计方法计算了不同频率、不同卫星的相位和伪距观测值精度,任意频率之间的交叉相关性以及不同频率的相位和伪距观测值在不同时间间隔上的时间相关性;随后分析了随机模型对基线精度和整体检验统计量的影响。结果表明：北斗用户接收机数据精度都与高度角相关,建议采用高度角指数加权函数;北斗二号3个频率相位观测值之间存在不同程度的相关性,其他类型观测值之间的交叉相关性不明显,不同频率的相位和伪距观测值时间相关性较明显,高精度应用中需关注。另外,正确的随机模型计算的基线精度更接近理论精度。本文为用户正确认识北斗系统3个类型卫星观测信息、正确使用北斗系统提供支撑。     

湖南宁乡大成桥岩溶地下水对暴雨响应特征及多元回归预测模型

通过降雨、水位监测等方法，研究湖南宁乡大成桥岩溶地下水位动态及对暴雨的响应过程，探讨地下水内在联系特征并建立回归预测模型。结果表明:雨季地下水位对降雨响应程度高，水位变幅大，而枯季则相反；在暴雨条件下，接受快速管道流补给的地下水位动态响应为陡升—陡降，水位变幅在13.6~42.8 m；接受裂隙、孔隙水补给的地下水位动态表现为缓升—缓降，年变幅为1.1 m；雨季地下水位对暴雨响应的滞后时间为1.2~4 h，较相同条件下的水位响应滞后时间缩短了1/2~2/3，水位变幅增大1.7~4.7倍；枯季地下水位对暴雨响应的滞后时间为4.2~13.2 h，水位响应滞后时间延长了3~8 h，水位变幅缩减了5~11倍；包气带厚度和含水饱和度对水位动态起着决定作用，包气带厚度与水位响应滞后时间负相关，含水饱和度与水位变幅正相关；通过相关性分析、拟合优度检验、显著性检验和残差分析等，确定最优回归预测模型，模型检验结果与实际水位动态过程吻合度较高。      

Deformation at the Easternmost Altyn Tagh Fault: Constraints on the Growth of the Northern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

How the Altyn Tagh fault(ATF) extends eastwards is one of the key questions in the study of the growth of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. Detailed fieldwork at the easternmost part of the ATF shows that the ATF extends eastward and bypasses the Kuantan Mountain; it does not stop at the Kuantan Mountain, but connects with the northern Heishan fault in the east. The ATF does not enter the Alxa Block but extends eastward along the southern Alxa Block to the Jintanan Mountain. The Heishan fault is not a thrust fault but a sinistral strike-slip fault with a component of thrusting and is a part of the ATF. Further to the east, the Heishan fault may connect with the Jintananshan fault. A typical strike-slip duplex develops in the easternmost part of the ATF. The cut and deformed Quaternary sediments and displaced present gullies along the easternmost ATF indicate that it is an active fault. The local highest Mountain(i.e., the Kuantan Mountain) in the region forms in a restraining bend of the ATF due to the thrusting and uplifting. The northward growth of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau and the active deformation in South Mongolia are realized by sinistral strike-slipping on a series of NE–SW-trending faults and thrusting in restraining bends along the strike-slip faults with the northeastward motion of blocks between these faults.