From Cycles to Sequences:Sequence Stratigraphy and Relative Sea Level Change for the Late Cambrian of the North China Platform

In the Late Cambrian, the North China Platform was a typical carbonate ramp platform. The Upper Cambrian of the northern part of the North China Platform is famous for the development of bioherm limestones and storm calcirudites and can be divided from bottom to top into the Gushan, Changshan and Fengshan formations. In this set of strata, the deep-ramp mudstone and marls and the shallow-ramp packstones and grainstones constitute many carbonate meter-scale cycles of subtidal type. More tidal-flat dolomites axe developed in the Upper Cambrian of the southern margin of the North China platform, in which limestone and dolomite beds also constitute many carbonate meter-scale cycles of the peritidal type. These cycles are marked by a variety of litho-facies successions. There are regularly vertical stacking patterns of meter-scale cycles in long-term third-order sequences, which is the key to discerning such sequences. Third-order sequence is marked by a particular sedimentary-facies succession that is the result of the environment-changing process of deepening and shoaling, which is genetically related to third-order sea level changes. Furthermore, four third-order sequences can be grouped in the Upper Cambrian of the North China Platform. The main features of these four third-order sequences in the northern part of the platform can be summarized as follows: firstly, sequence-boundaries are characterized by drowning unconformities; secondly, the sedimentary-facies succession is generally constituted by one from deep-ramp facies to shallow-ramp facies; thirdly, a succession of “CS (?) HST” (i.e., “condensed section and highstand system”) forms these four third-order sequences. The chief features for the third-order sequences in the southern part of the North China Platform comprises: more dolomites are developed in the HSTs of third-order sequences and also developed more carbonate meter-scale cycles of peritidal types; the sedimentary-facies succession of the third-order sequences is marked by “shallow ramp-tidal flat”; the sequence boundaries are characterized by exposure punctuated surfaces. According to the changes for the third-order sequences from the north to the south, a regular sequence-stratigraphic framework can be established. From cycles to sequences, the study of sequence stratigraphy from litho-facies successions to sedimentary-facies successions exposes that as follows: meter-scale cycles that are used as the basic working unit actually are litho-facies successions formed by the mechanism of a punctuated aggradational cycle, and third-order sequences that are constituted by regularly vertical stacking patterns of meter-scale cycles are marked by sedimentary-facies successions. On the basis of the changing curve of water depth at each section, the curve of the relative third-order sea level changes in the late Cambrian of the North China Platform can be integrated qualitatively from changing curve of water depth. The correlation of Late Cambrian long-term sea level changes between North China and North America demonstrates that there are not only similarities but also differences, reflecting control of long-term sea level changes both by global eustacy and by regional factors.     

原油生物降解中含氮化合物δ15N变化原因的实验研究

通过模拟油藏的喜氧环境进行原油微生物降解实验 ,测定实验降解原油和水样的氮同位素组成,初步探讨了原油生物降解过程中氮同位素变化的原因.实验结果显示,随降解程度增加,原油的氮同位素比值总的变化趋势不断降低,培养液中的δ15N逐渐增大,暗示微生物在代谢过程中有可能不断利用水溶液中无机化合氮,转化为生物有机氮并部分进入原油,重质组分的增加不仅仅是烃类的优先降解导致的残留和富集.这一现象对于探讨油藏条件下原油微生物降解的作用机理有着一定的实际意义.     

软黏土中地下结构浮力测试试验与分析

浮力计算是地下结构抗浮设计的关键,而弱透水黏性土中浮力大小的确定一直存在争议。对此,设计一套免受摩擦力影响的模型试验装置,对埋置于软黏土中的地下结构模型进行浮力测试。试验采用卸重上浮的思路,力学模型简单明确,浮力即等于浮起瞬间的剩余配重,并通过水压和位移的实时监测来判定结构上浮的临界状态。试验结果表明,软黏土中的水压是一个动态变化量,受渗流、温度、卸重回弹以及土-水相互作用的影响,且往往小于理论水压;实测浮力是理论浮力的0.93倍,存在少量折减;水压和位移时程曲线显示上浮过程是持续动态变化的,最终浮起时具有突发性。     

The Late Triassic Sequence-Stratigraphic Framework of the Upper Yangtze Region, South China

In the transitional period between the Middle and the Late Triassic, the Indochina orogeny caused two tectonic events in South China: (1) the formation and uplift of the Qinling-Dabie orogenic belt along the northern margin of the South China Plate, due to its collision with the North China Plate; and 2) the development of a 1300-km-wide intra-continental orogen in the southeastern part of the South China Plate, which led to a northwestward movement of the foreland thrust-fold zone. These tectonic events resulted in the ending of the Yangtze Platform, and were a stable paleogeographic factor from the Eidacaran to the end of the Middle Triassic. This platform was characterized by the widespread development of shallow-water carbonates. After the end of the Yangtze Platform, the upper Yangtze foreland basin (or Sichuan foreland basin) was formed during the Late Triassic and became a accumulation site of fluvial deposits that are composed of related strata of the Xujiahe Formation. In western Sichuan Province, the Xujiahe Formation overlies the Maantang Formation shallow-water carbonate rocks of the Xiaotangzi Formation siliciclastic rocks (from shelf shales to littoral facies). The sequence-stratigraphic framework of the Upper Triassic in the upper Yangtze foreland basin indicates a particular alluvial architecture, characterized by sequences composed of (1) successions of low-energy fluvial deposits of high-accommodation phases, including coal seams, and (2) high-energy fluvial deposits of low-accommodation phases, including amalgamated river-channel sandstones. The spatial distribution of these fluvial deposits belonging to the Xujiahe Formation and its relative strata is characterized by gradual thinning-out, overlapping, and pinching-out toward both the east and south. This sedimentary record therefore expresses a particular sequence-stratigraphic succession of fluvial deposits within the filling succession of the foreland basin. The sequence-stratigraphic framework for the Upper Triassic in the Upper Yangtze region provides a record of the end of the Yangtze Platform and the formation of the upper Yangtze foreland basin.     

广东韶关市一六钨矿床流体包裹体特征及成矿作用

一六钨矿大地构造位置位于南岭成矿带中段南缘,粤北曲仁盆地西南缘,是粤北地区近年来重要的找矿勘查成果之一。矿床为典型的矽卡岩矿床,矿体赋存于上泥盆统帽子峰组矽卡岩以及NWW向钾长石-石英-白钨矿脉和云母石英脉中。通过野外观察和镜下研究,本文将成矿过程分为矽卡岩期(A)和热液期(B),矽卡岩期可以分为早期矽卡岩阶段(A1)、晚期矽卡岩阶段(A2)、钾长石英白钨矿阶段(A3),热液期可以分为云母石英脉阶段(B1)和石英碳酸盐阶段(B2)。矿区包含4种类型的包裹体:含子矿物三相包裹体(Ⅰ型)、气液两相水溶液包裹体(Ⅱ型)、CO_2水溶液三相包裹体(Ⅲ型)、纯CO_2包裹体(Ⅳ型),Ⅰ型包裹体仅见于A3阶段;Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型以及Ⅳ型包裹体在A3和B1阶段石英中均有发育,在A3和B1阶段白钨矿中还发育Ⅱ型包裹体。A3阶段Ⅰ型包裹体完全均一温度为162~381℃,盐度为30.1%~45.4%(wt%NaClequiv,下同省略),Ⅱ型包裹体完全均一温度为154~363℃,盐度为1.49%~11.0%,Ⅲ型包裹体完全均一温度为290~390℃,盐度为2.20%~6.88%;B1阶段Ⅱ型包裹体完全均一温度为152~381℃,盐度为1.65%~9.32%,Ⅲ型包裹体完全均一温度为281~378℃,盐度为2.00%~8.82%。激光拉曼探针分析表明,A3阶段和B1阶段流体中存在H_2O、CO_2、CH_4和少量CO_3~(2-),指示流体处于还原的环境。包裹体完全均一温度—盐度关系图表明,数据点主要集中于三个区域:a区对应早期出溶成因的高盐度流体,b区反映流体发生了不混溶作用,c区反映早期高盐度流体与低盐度地下水混合特征。各区包裹体代表了岩浆期后残余原始流体不同阶段的演化产物。通过Ⅰ型包裹体计算得出的成矿压力范围为86.0~415.8MPa,用Ⅱ、Ⅳ型包裹体对成矿压力进行校正得出,A3阶段成矿压力范围为86~115MPa,成矿温度为176~279℃;B1阶段成矿压力范围为55~93 MPa,成矿温度为160~228℃,估算成矿深度范围为3.62~4.26km。研究认为,流体在演化早期存在局部高压,流体不混溶作用要比外来流体混入更早发生,而流体混入促进了流体的不混溶作用。流体物理化学条件的改变、外来流体混入以及流体不混溶作用是引起钨矿沉淀的主要原因。     

西北太平洋热带气旋迅速增强特征及其影响因子

选取西北太平洋上热带气旋(TC)24小时风速变化累积频率达95%所对应的15.4 m/s作为迅速增强(RI)的标准,研究了RI个例的基本特征以及TC自身特征因子与环境因子对RI的作用。结果表明,TC迅速增强过程的持续时间平均为33小时,最长可达78小时,并且TC经过迅速增强过程几乎都达到了台风级别以上,其中,一半以上达到了强台风级别以上。对比迅速增强(RI)和非迅速增强(non-RI)个例得到,RI个例相对于non-RI个例发生区域偏南偏东,两者的移动速度没有明显差异,但RI个例有较大向西移动分量并且前12小时增强较大;相对于non-RI个例,RI个例离最大潜在强度较远并且发生在较暖水区和55%～75%的低层相对湿度的条件下;RI个例发生在较小的垂直风切变和较弱的对流层上层东风气流情况下,由上层槽或冷低压引起的强迫弱于平均状况时RI较易发生。TC前12小时强度变化(DVMX)、海表面温度(SST)和垂直风切变(SHR)是影响迅速增强的主要因子,当DVMX≥6.3 m/s时RI发生的可能性最大,达到17.2%。当有若干个影响因子共同起作用时发生RI可能性显著增加,其中以较大的前12小时强度变化(DVMX≥6.3 m/s)、较高的海表面温度(SST≥29.4℃)、较弱的垂直风切变(SHR≤5.9 m/s)、较小的相对涡旋角动量通量辐合(REFC≤-1.6 m/(s.d))、偏东经度(LON≥138.2°E)和低纬度(LAT≤16.7°N)共同作用时,RI发生的可能性达到最大,可达66.7%。     

四川盛夏伏旱的MODIS遥感监测方法

本文利用2006～2010年7、8月的MODIS卫星遥感资料、土壤湿度观测资料和Ci综合气象干旱指数,讨论了NDVI-Ts特征空间干、湿边的拟合方法,建立了7～8月各旬的TVDI指数计算模型.根据31个农业气象站点的土壤相对湿度观测资料,获得了5种干旱等级的观测样本,并通过样本类内离散度、类间离散度,以及与土壤相对湿度和Ci指数相关性的比较,对比分析了TVDI和VSWI两种干旱遥感监测方法对四川盛夏伏旱的监测能力,结果表明:对于四川盛夏伏旱的遥感监测来说,用TVDI指数监测比用VSWI指数监测更合适,效果更好,TVDI指数监测到的干旱区比较可靠.     

五台山南缘中元古界的层序地层特征及其古地理意义:以山西五台陈家庄剖面为例

中元古代时期的五台山南缘是华北克拉通北部的燕辽裂隙槽与南部的晋豫陕裂隙槽之间的交接地带。在该地区中元古界由常州沟组潮坪沉积体系碎屑岩地层和高于庄组潮坪沉积体系碳酸盐岩地层组成,常州沟组与下伏的早元古界滹沱群为角度不整合接触,高于庄组与上覆的寒武系之间为地层间断时间超过1000 Ma的平行不连续面;残留不全的元古界不但成为前寒武纪层序地层学划分的典型代表,而且成为窥视早期来自南部裂陷槽向北海侵以及晚期来自燕辽裂陷槽向南海侵的宝贵的物质记录,并且成为重新审视晋豫陕裂陷槽与燕辽裂陷槽的争议较大的地层对比的关键地层记录。对山西五台沉积状剖面中元古界沉积序列及其所表征的层序地层学特征的观察和描述,为今后的进一步研究提供了有用的线索,因而具有重要意义。     

Tectono-thermal Evolution in the Bachu Uplift,Tarim Basin,China

<正>The thermal evolution of source rocks in the Paleozoic has long been a problem to petroleum exploration in the Bachu uplift,Tarim basin,since the thermal history in the Paleozoic could not be rebuilt objectively due to lack of effective thermal indicators in the Lower Paleozoic successions.The apatite and zircon(U-Th)/He thermochronometry can be used as a new kind of technique to study the thermal history and tectonic uplift of sedimentary basins.Based on the measured apatite and zircon(U-Th)/He ages,apatite fission track data and equivalence vitrinite reflectance(%EVR_o),the tectonothermal histories in 5 wells of the Bachu uplift were modeled.The modeling results show that there was relatively high gradient at the Early Paleozoic in the Bachu uplift and it decreased gradually during the entire Paleozoic:33-35℃/km in the Cambrian-Ordovician, 32-33℃/km in the Silurian-Devonian,30-32℃/km at the end of Carboniferous and 27.5- 31℃/km at the end of Permian.Therefore,the thermal history can be modeled by combining multiple thermal indicators of AFT,(U-Th)/He ages and EVR_o data.Especially,this provides a new method to rebuild the thermal history for the Low Paleozoic carbonate successions in the Tarim Basin.     

南海南部120ka以来元素地球化学记录的东亚夏季风变迁

利用XRF岩芯元素扫描仪对南海南部MD05-2896孔岩芯样品进行1 cm间隔的元素测试。该孔底部年龄约为120ka。研究表明,南海南部间冰期夏季风活动增强,上升流发育;夏季风和降雨带来的陆源有机物输入增加,提高了表层的生产力;冰期夏季风减弱,陆源有机物输入减少,表层生产力降低。海洋表层生产力在MIS3早期(60~40 ka)较高,指示该时有特强的夏季风,上升流作用增强。Ba/Ti值表明东亚夏季风的强弱变化,并与北半球夏季日射量基本呈线性关系,体现了东亚夏季风演化的天文驱动机制。