天津市湿地环境变迁及成因分析

应用3S技术对天津湿地环境进行调查，结合地面采集的历史和现状数据，全面分析了天津湿地环境变迁的自然和人为因素。近一个世纪以来，天津湿地持续减少，天然湿地丧失殆尽，人为因素影响是天津湿地环境变迁的主要原因。城市拓展、经济开发对湿地的占用以及水环境污染是目前湿地面临的主要威胁。保护天津湿地要从搞好城市土地利用规划、调整产业结构、控制水污染、加强湿地保护区管理、尽快制定湿地保护法等方面入手。、     

小波分析方法在提取井水位潮汐因子震前变化特征的初步应用

运用小波分析方法对1990年常熟、1995年苍山和1996年南黄海三个中强地震前江苏地区井水位固体潮的变化特征进行了研究，发现井水位M2波潮汐因子在地震前几个月几乎都出现一个幅度较大、周期为半月或一个月左右的异常信号，表明小波分析方法在处理和分析井水位潮汐资料方面可能是一种有效的方法。     

Correlation Fractal and Multifractal Characteristics of Seismic Activity in the Taiwan Area, China

Based on the analysis of newly collected data of plate tectonics, distribution of active faults and crustal deformation, the Taiwan area is divided into two seismic regions and six seismic belts. Then, correlation fractal dimensions of all the regions and belts are calculated, and the fractal characteristics of hypocenteral distribution can be quantitatively analyzed. Finally, multifractal dimensions Dq and f(α) are calculated by using the earthquake catalog of the past 11 years in the Taiwan area. This study indicates that (1) there exists a favorable corresponding relationship between spatial images of seismic activity described with correlation fractal dimension analysis and tectonic settings; (2) the temporal structure of earthquakes is not single but multifractal fractal, and the pattern of Dq variation with time is a good indicator for predicting strong earthquake events.     

沉降-时间曲线呈“S”型的证明及其应用——从土体本构关系

从土体本构关系出发,严格证明了在线性加载或近似线性加载情况下(这和岩土工程实际加载相类似),沉降-时间曲线呈“S”型,并由此建立了新的沉降-时间预测模型,工程应用证明了该模型的合理性。     

Proof of settlement-time curve appearing “S” shape with ramp load and its application base on stress-strain relationship

Based on stress-strain relationship of soil, the proof is made for that s-t curve appears “S” shape when the load is increased linearly, which is similar to construction process. A new model of forecasting the relation of settlement-time is presented. Case history shows the rationality of the method.     

表面多次波衰减技术在渤海海峡应用效果

浅水地震勘探对于了解近海底地质构造具有重要意义,目前已被广泛用于油气开发、近岸工程等领域。表面多次波的存在干扰了有效波信息,影响了资料品质,造成解释假象,如何有效地压制多次波,已成为浅水地震勘探中的关键问题。表面多次波衰减方法(SRME)是一种去除海面相关多次波效果较好的技术方法,但是,一般认为SRME技术并不适合于浅水区域。分析了SRME去除多次波的基本原理,并将其应用于海洋高分辨率浅水区域多次波的去除。实际处理效果表明,使用SRME技术处理后的叠加剖面多次波去除效果明显,剖面基底清楚,断面清晰。通过对SRME技术应用于浅水区域的探讨,证实了SRME技术在海洋高分辨率地震勘探浅水区域应用效果较好。     

变分同化框架通过背景误差协方差构建动力平衡约束的研究进展

通过背景误差协方差构建动力平衡约束是变分同化框架设计的重要环节。它不仅帮助实现变量间的协同分析,提高观测使用效率,还能改善变分极小化问题的性状。本文在系统梳理通过背景误差协方差引入动力平衡约束的方式、流程的基础上,对求解目前全球和有限区域变分同化系统普遍采用的准地转平衡和静力平衡约束的共性问题和存在的不足作了归纳总结。分析了求解准地转平衡约束的三类方案:动力平衡方程方案、统计方案和动力-统计相结合方案的优缺点。对照比较了不同垂直离散方案下求解静力平衡约束时遇到的欠定问题的表现以及解决途径。最后,展望了基于背景误差协方差构建动力平衡约束在赤道等特殊地区、高分辨率同化系统、以及集合-变分混合同化系统发展中面临的挑战和机遇。     

莱州湾沿岸寿光、莱州和龙口地下水的稳定同位素与地球化学

依据地下水咸化机理:蒸发、溶解和混合,海水入侵是地下淡水与较之更咸的海水的混合,海水和淡水的混合包括水分子的混合和溶解盐分的混合。只有溶剂水分子和溶质溶解盐分都发生了相同比例的混合,才能确定二种水体发生了混合。地下淡水变咸并不能都归因于海水入侵,也有可能源于蒸发或溶解。鉴定是否存在海水入侵可运用惰性示踪剂和反应示踪剂来共同识别。惰性示踪剂包括δD、δ~(18)O、Cl~-和Br~-,反应示踪剂包括主要化学成分和微量元素。本研究对莱州湾沿岸寿光、莱州和龙口的地下水进行了化学成分形成过程的对比研究。莱州采集样品6件,龙口10件,寿光9件。莱州和龙口的碎屑沉积物以硅酸盐矿物为主,而寿光的沉积物来源于南部鲁中南山地的碳酸盐岩。根据莱州采样点地理条件和样品的稳定同位素δD-δ~(18)O分布域确定了当地降雨入渗的多年平均值,进而明确龙口样品也源于就地降雨入渗补给,根据高程效应和当地水文情况确定寿光样品补给来自南部山区的降水,经河道排入洼地后入渗地下。Cl~--δ~(18)O关系表明盐分都来源于淡水溶解的蒸发盐,而非与海水混合。Br~-/Cl~-比值证实了蒸发盐溶解,还存在人为污染物和海侵沉积物中有机质分解的影响。从三线图可看出龙口样品经历了离子交换反应。主要成分和微量元素(HCO_3~-,H_2SiO_3,F~-,Li~+,Sr~(2+)和Ba~(2+))的含量与样品所处含水层的矿物组成有关,反映出水岩作用。所有样品都没有淡水和海水混合的现象。惰性示踪剂分析提供了区域地下水补给的框架,明确了大气水源因溶解蒸发盐而咸化,排除了淡水和海水混合的可能性。用反应示踪剂中主要化学成分和微量元素来分析水中化学成分的形成过程,在和海洋盐分输入对比基础上,二者偏差值主要源自水-岩相互作用结果,包括溶解、沉淀、离子交换等,以及局部样品的污染物输入。所以沿海地带研究地下水咸化,先要解决溶剂的混合问题,在此基础上辅以水文地球化学分析,利用水化学的多种示踪剂,主要解决溶质混合以及盐分来源问题。     

A New Progress of the Proterozoic Chronostratigraphical Division

The Precambrian, an informal chronostratigraphical unit, represents the period of Earth history from the start of the Cambrian at ca. 541 Ma back to the formation of the planet at 4567 Ma. It was originally conceptualized as a "Cryptozoic Eon" that was contrasted with the Phanerozoic Eon from the Cambrian to the Quaternary, which is now known as the Precambrian and can be subdivided into three eons, i.e., the Hadean, the Archean and the Proterozoic. The Precambrian is currently divided chronometrically into convenient boundaries, including for the establishment of the Proterozoic periods that were chosen to reflect large-scale tectonic or sedimentary features(except for the Ediacaran Period). This chronometric arrangement might represent the second progress on the study of chronostratigraphy of the Precambrian after its separation from the Phanerozoic. Upon further study of the evolutionary history of the Precambrian Earth, applying new geodynamic and geobiological knowledge and information, a revised division of Precambrian time has led to the third conceptual progress on the study of Precambrian chronostratigraphy. In the current scheme, the Proterozoic Eon began at 2500 Ma, which is the approximate time by which most granite-greenstone crust had formed, and can be subdivided into ten periods of typically 200 Ma duration grouped into three eras(except for the Ediacaran Period). Within this current scheme, the Ediacaran Period was ratified in 2004, the first period-level addition to the geologic time scale in more than a century, an important advancement in stratigraphy. There are two main problems in the current scheme of Proterozoic chronostratigraphical division:(1) the definition of the Archean–Proterozoic boundary at 2500 Ma, which does not reflect a unique time of synchronous global change in tectonic style and does not correspond with a major change in lithology;(2) the round number subdivision of the Proterozoic into several periods based on broad orogenic characteristics, which has not met with requests on the concept of modern stratigraphy, except for the Ediacaran Period. In the revised chronostratigraphic scheme for the Proterozoic, the Archean–Proterozoic boundary is placed at the major change from a reducing early Earth to a cooler, more modern Earth characterized by the supercontinent cycle, a major change that occurred at ca. 2420 Ma. Thus, a revised Proterozoic Eon(2420–542 Ma) is envisaged to extend from the Archean–Proterozoic boundary at ca. 2420 Ma to the end of the Ediacaran Period, i.e., a period marked by the progressive rise in atmospheric oxygen, supercontinent cyclicity, and the evolution of more complex(eukaryotic) life. As with the current Proterozoic Eon, a revised Proterozoic Eon based on chronostratigraphy is envisaged to consist of three eras(Paleoproterozoic, Mesoproterozoic, and Neoproterozoic), but the boundary ages for these divisions differ from their current ages and their subdivisions into periods would also differ from current practice. A scheme is proposed for the chronostratigraphic division of the Proterozoic, based principally on geodynamic and geobiological events and their expressions in the stratigraphic record. Importantly, this revision of the Proterozoic time scale will be of significant benefit to the community as a whole and will help to drive new research that will unveil new information about the history of our planet, since the Proterozoic is a significant connecting link between the preceding Precambrian and the following Phanerozoic.     

土体三轴试验固结过程解析解

三轴试验是获取土体强度和应力变形特性的一个重要室内试验手段。三轴试验中,排水固结阶段试样的孔压消散及固结完成情况是非常重要的两个核心要素,它是进行后续剪切试验的基础和依据。基于等应变假设,推导了土体三轴剪切试验排水固结过程的解析解,以用于分析整个排水固结过程的孔压消散和固结完成程度。针对室内三轴固结排水(CD)试验,利用所推导的解析解对其排水固结过程的孔压和固结度进行了验算对比。结果表明,解析解计算得到的固结度和孔压消散曲线与室内三轴剪切试验的相应曲线吻合得较好,说明解析解可应用于三轴剪切试验排水固结过程分析。