WebGIS技术在环保系统开发中的应用现状及对策

网络技术和GIS技术共同应用于现代环保,使得环境保护驶进信息化的高速公路从而快速实现了GIS信息的交流,并分享GIS数据及其成果。但是,在技术的高度融合过程中出现了很多问题,如WebGIS的技术形式多样,技术不成熟,平台不统一,没有形成模块化;GIS地图数据量大在网络上的反应速度慢;基于网络的B/S结构没有组件式开发C/S反应灵活;数据保密性要求较高等问题,给WebGIS的广泛应用提出了挑战。本文针对这些问题进行了逐一分析,并提出了解决的一般方案。     

数字震害评估的发展与应用

随着网络化地理信息系统的应用、全球定位系统的普及应用和卫星遥感影像分辨率的不断提高,“数字地球”技术在地震工程领域的应用逐渐成熟,数字化震害评估符合现代地震工程的发展趋势。本文综述了数字化技术在地震工程领域的研究现状及其发展前景,提出了利用“3S”技术进行数字震害评估的设想。     

Oxidative stress in the mussel Mytella guyanensis from polluted mangroves on Santa Catarina Island,Brazil

Digestive glands of the mangrove mussel Mytella guyanensis, collected at one non-polluted site (site 1) and two polluted sites (sites 2 and 3), were analysed for different antioxidant defenses, lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine levels were enhanced at the polluted sites. With the exception of superoxide dismutase, the activities of catalase and glutathione peroxidase were also higher at the polluted sites. Greater increases were observed in glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase and etoxyresorufine-O-deethylase activities at the polluted sites. Conversely, reduced glutathione content was higher at the control site. Trace metal contents in mussels collected at polluted sites were increased compared to the control site, and there were strong positive correlations between TBARS and Cu and Pb contents. M. guyanensis is routinely exposed to an oxidative stress condition at both polluted sites, and considering xenobiotic bioaccumulation in bivalve molluscs, the mangrove mussel represents an excellent bioindicator for environmental monitoring studies.     

Biological and ecological factors related to trace element levels in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from European waters

Selected trace elements (Cd, Cu, Hg, Se, Zn) were measured in the kidneys and the liver of 104 harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) stranded along the coasts of France, Galicia (Spain), Ireland, Scotland (UK), and the Netherlands. Generally, relatively low concentrations of toxic elements were encountered in the tissues of European porpoises, except for two individuals, which displayed high hepatic Hg concentrations. Also, elevated Cd levels obtained in Scottish porpoises could be related to their feeding preferences and this result suggests an increase of the proportion of cephalopods in their diet with latitude. Moreover, significant geographical differences were seen in hepatic Zn concentrations; the elevated Zn concentrations displayed by porpoises from the Netherlands may relate their poor health status. Variation in metal concentrations within porpoises from the North Sea is likely to reflect a long-term segregation between animals from northern (Scotland) and southern areas (the Netherlands), making trace elements powerful ecological tracers.     

基于GIS城市规划综合环境质量评价的研究

城市环境受自然因素和社会因素的相互作用愈来愈强烈。本文探讨了利用地理信息系统进行城市环境综合质量评价的技术途径。在GIS支持下,建立了城市规划环境质量评价因子数据库及评价指标体系,并确定了质量评价标准。基于GIS的城市规划综合环境质量评价是进行城市规划评估的一种有效方法,GIS技术为环境质量评价在不同模型条件下提供了有效的技术支持,改善了评价的效率及精度,将城市总体规划的布局及城市规划的三大效益(经济效益、环境效益和社会效益)联系起来,并在此基础上进行最终的决策评估。     

无人机遥感影像的城市绿地信息提取

针对传统人工城市绿地调查费时、费力等问题,该文提出了一种利用无人机遥感进行城市绿地信息提取的思路和方法。设计构建了基于固定翼无人机平台的遥感系统,对宁波市部分区域进行航飞实验。采用PixelGrid软件对无人机影像进行了预处理,得到测区正射影像。采用基于像元统计特征分类和面向对象分类两种方法,对研究区进行绿地信息快速提取并进行了精度验证。研究结果表明,利用最大似然分类法和归一化绿红差异指数法提取精度最高,分别为81.73%和80.23%。     

加测竖角的双点后方交会三维定位

定位技术在林业工作中起着重要的作用,同时由于林地的广阔、闭郁及交通不便等特点又给定位工作提出新的要求。从经济性和实用性出发,本文讨论一种加测倾角的双点后方交会三维定位方法。其主要特点是只在待定点上安置一次仪器,对两个已知点观测三个参数,即两个竖直角和一个水平角,与常用的前方交会、后方交会定位方法相比,其观测数据少,同时,解决林区定位通视条件困难给定位工作带来的困难。文中对相关三维后方交会的数学模型进行了推证,并根据实例进行了误差分析。     

一种基于全站仪量测树木材积的方法

通过伐倒树木进行解析可以精准获取材积,但此方法除了劳力费时外,还对树木有着毁灭性伤害;而传统的几种估测立木材积的方法精度又得不到保障。随着测量仪器的快速发展以及当今对生态文明建设的高度重视,林业量测有了更为准确和严格的要求,本文提出一种基于全站仪量测树木材积的方法：通过采集树木的胸径、地径和全站仪与树干任意处左右两侧切线的夹角,根据区分求积法原理精准计算立木材积,将通过全站仪量测获取的树木材积值与伐倒该树木测得的材积值进行比较分析。数据表明：该方法量测材积精度高达93％以上,完全可以替代伐倒树木测量材积的方法。